28. Free ester groups concentration is twice the SIDEA
concentration.
29. A different gel can be used based on the conjugate and carrier
protein used.
Conflict of Interest
F.M., C.G., and R.D.B. are employees of GSK group of companies.
F.M. is listed as an inventor on patents owned by the GSK group of
companies.
References
1. Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R (2018)
Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS
Microbiol Rev 42:388–423
2. Micoli F, Del Bino L, Alfini R, Carboni F,
Romano MR, Adamo R (2019) Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines
18:881–895
3. Rappuoli R, De Gregorio E, Costantino P
(2019) On the mechanisms of conjugate vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:14–16
4. Rappuoli R (2018) Glycoconjugate vaccines:
principles and mechanisms. Sci Transl Med 10
(456):pii: eaat4615
5. MacLennan CA, Martin LB, Micoli F (2014)
Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease:
current status and future directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10:1478–1493
6. Mani S, Wierzba T, Walker RI (2016) Status of
vaccine research and development for Shigella.
Vaccine 34:2887–2894
7. Sayeed MA, Bufano MK, Xu P, Eckhoff G,
Charles RC, Alam MM, Sultana T, Rashu
MR, Berger A, Gonzalez-Escobedo G,
Mandlik A, Bhuiyan TR, Leung DT, LaRocque
RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Vann
WF, Kovac P, Ryan ET (2015) A cholera conjugate vaccine containing O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae O1 inaba and
recombinant fragment of tetanus toxin heavy
chain (OSP:rTTHc) induces serum, memory
and lamina proprial responses against osp and
is protective in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:
e0003881
8. Frenck RW Jr, Ervin J, Chu L, Abbanat D,
Spiessens B, Go O, Haazen W, van den
Dobbelsteen G, Poolman J, Thoelen S, Ibarra
de Palacios P (2019) Safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine for extra-intestinal pathogenic
Escherichia coli (ESTELLA): a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis
19:631–640
9. Westphal O, Jann K (1965) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: extraction with phenolwater and
further applications of the procedure. In: Whistler RL (ed) Methods in carbohydrate chemistry. Academic, New York, pp 83–91
10. Konadu E, Shiloach J, Bryla DA, Robbins JB,
Szu SC (1996) Synthesis, characterization, and
immunological properties in mice of conjugates composed of detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella paratyphi A bound to tetanus
toxoid with emphasis on the role of O acetyls.
Infect Immun 64:2709–2715
11. Micoli F, Rondini S, Gavini M, Pisoni I,
Lanzilao L, Colucci AM, Giannelli C, Pippi F,
Sollai L, Pinto V, Berti F, MacLennan CA,
Martin LB, Saul A (2013) A scalable method
for O-antigen purification applied to various
Salmonella
serovars.
Anal
Biochem
434:136–145
12. Micoli F, Rondini S, Gavini M, Lanzilao L,
Medaglini D, Saul A, Martin LB (2012) O:2CRM(197) conjugates against Salmonella
Paratyphi A. PLoS One 7:e47039
13. De Benedetto G, Micoli F, Londero S,
Salvini L, Sturiale L, Garozzo D,
Ravenscroft N, Giannelli C, Cescutti P (2019)
Characterization of the Salmonella Typhimurium core oligosaccharide and its reducing end
3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid used for
conjugate vaccine production. Carbohydr Res
481:43–51
14. De Benedetto G, Salvini L, Gotta S, Cescutti P,
Micoli F (2018) Investigation on sugar-protein
connectivity in Salmonella O-antigen glycoconjugate
vaccines.
Bioconjug
Chem
29:1736–1747
O-Antigen Purification and Conjugation
303
concentration.
29. A different gel can be used based on the conjugate and carrier
protein used.
Conflict of Interest
F.M., C.G., and R.D.B. are employees of GSK group of companies.
F.M. is listed as an inventor on patents owned by the GSK group of
companies.
References
1. Micoli F, Costantino P, Adamo R (2018)
Potential targets for next generation antimicrobial glycoconjugate vaccines. FEMS
Microbiol Rev 42:388–423
2. Micoli F, Del Bino L, Alfini R, Carboni F,
Romano MR, Adamo R (2019) Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines
18:881–895
3. Rappuoli R, De Gregorio E, Costantino P
(2019) On the mechanisms of conjugate vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:14–16
4. Rappuoli R (2018) Glycoconjugate vaccines:
principles and mechanisms. Sci Transl Med 10
(456):pii: eaat4615
5. MacLennan CA, Martin LB, Micoli F (2014)
Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease:
current status and future directions. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10:1478–1493
6. Mani S, Wierzba T, Walker RI (2016) Status of
vaccine research and development for Shigella.
Vaccine 34:2887–2894
7. Sayeed MA, Bufano MK, Xu P, Eckhoff G,
Charles RC, Alam MM, Sultana T, Rashu
MR, Berger A, Gonzalez-Escobedo G,
Mandlik A, Bhuiyan TR, Leung DT, LaRocque
RC, Harris JB, Calderwood SB, Qadri F, Vann
WF, Kovac P, Ryan ET (2015) A cholera conjugate vaccine containing O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of V. cholerae O1 inaba and
recombinant fragment of tetanus toxin heavy
chain (OSP:rTTHc) induces serum, memory
and lamina proprial responses against osp and
is protective in mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 9:
e0003881
8. Frenck RW Jr, Ervin J, Chu L, Abbanat D,
Spiessens B, Go O, Haazen W, van den
Dobbelsteen G, Poolman J, Thoelen S, Ibarra
de Palacios P (2019) Safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine for extra-intestinal pathogenic
Escherichia coli (ESTELLA): a phase 2 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis
19:631–640
9. Westphal O, Jann K (1965) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides: extraction with phenolwater and
further applications of the procedure. In: Whistler RL (ed) Methods in carbohydrate chemistry. Academic, New York, pp 83–91
10. Konadu E, Shiloach J, Bryla DA, Robbins JB,
Szu SC (1996) Synthesis, characterization, and
immunological properties in mice of conjugates composed of detoxified lipopolysaccharide of Salmonella paratyphi A bound to tetanus
toxoid with emphasis on the role of O acetyls.
Infect Immun 64:2709–2715
11. Micoli F, Rondini S, Gavini M, Pisoni I,
Lanzilao L, Colucci AM, Giannelli C, Pippi F,
Sollai L, Pinto V, Berti F, MacLennan CA,
Martin LB, Saul A (2013) A scalable method
for O-antigen purification applied to various
Salmonella
serovars.
Anal
Biochem
434:136–145
12. Micoli F, Rondini S, Gavini M, Lanzilao L,
Medaglini D, Saul A, Martin LB (2012) O:2CRM(197) conjugates against Salmonella
Paratyphi A. PLoS One 7:e47039
13. De Benedetto G, Micoli F, Londero S,
Salvini L, Sturiale L, Garozzo D,
Ravenscroft N, Giannelli C, Cescutti P (2019)
Characterization of the Salmonella Typhimurium core oligosaccharide and its reducing end
3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid used for
conjugate vaccine production. Carbohydr Res
481:43–51
14. De Benedetto G, Salvini L, Gotta S, Cescutti P,
Micoli F (2018) Investigation on sugar-protein
connectivity in Salmonella O-antigen glycoconjugate
vaccines.
Bioconjug
Chem
29:1736–1747
O-Antigen Purification and Conjugation
303