Wilhelmy plate method, 256–257, 257f
density measurement from force acting on plate
(example), 257–259
Wire, quantum, 96
Work
in expanding liquid film, 221–222
mechanical, 29–35
first law of thermodynamics in terms of, 36–37
irreversible expansive, 30–31, 32–33
path function, 35
reversible expansive, 30–33
state functions, 35
stretching of DNA strand, 34–35
two-dimensional monolayer, compression,
33–34
Work function, defined, 312
X
X-ray diffraction, 10
X-ray spectroscopy, 211–214
absorption, 212
diffraction, 213–214
fluorescence, 212–213
overview, 211–212
Y
YLD-124 dye, 276, 342
Young, Thomas, 285
Young equation, 223, 224
Young’s interferometer, 285–287
Z
Z-axis, 266, 268
Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF), 378, 379f
Zero contact angle, 258
Zeroing, force balance, 258
Zero-order reactions, 68
Zero-point vibrational energy, 124
Zero probability (nodes), 115, 116f, 117, 117f
ZIF-8, 378, 379f
“Zigzag” nanotubes, 372
Zinc selenide (ZnSe), 292
Zwitterionic phenolate, 174
498 Index