Dissipation (QCM): For an oscillating system such as a QCM crystal,
dissipation is the ratio of the energy lost to the environment per
cycle over the total energy stored by the oscillator.
DNA microarray: DNA microarrays are surfaces that have been coated
with specific oligonucleotide sequences and have been particularly useful in gene expression studies. DNA microarrays vary in
the number of oligonucleotides as is determined by the nature
of the study; diagnostic DNA microarrays generally use tens of
oligonucleotides, whereas those for research and screening can
have hundreds of thousands of oligonucleotides on a single
microarray.
Doping: Adding impurities to a material to change its properties, often
referring to altering the properties of semiconductors by adding
atoms with different numbers of valence electrons than those in
the base material or oxidizing or reducing some of the molecules
in the system.
Drude model: A model for conductivity that assumes that mobile electrons in a material do not interact with each other and instead
only interact with the cations (atomic nuclei + strongly bound
electrons) in the material.
Eigenfunction: A function that is regenerated when acted upon by an
operator (see eigenvalues).
Electrical double layer: The diffuse layer of counter ions in a solution,
which are associated with a charged surface.
Elementary steps: Individual transformations between reactants, intermediates, and products during the course of a reaction.
Ellipsometry: An optical method for measuring the thickness and
refractive index (real and/or imaginary, depending on instrument
type) of materials by measuring change in the phase and the
reflection coefficients of elliptically polarized light.
Emission (Spectroscopy): Emission processes are processes in which a
molecule or material emits a photon of light with an energy that
corresponds to the difference between two quantum states, such
Glossary
441
dissipation is the ratio of the energy lost to the environment per
cycle over the total energy stored by the oscillator.
DNA microarray: DNA microarrays are surfaces that have been coated
with specific oligonucleotide sequences and have been particularly useful in gene expression studies. DNA microarrays vary in
the number of oligonucleotides as is determined by the nature
of the study; diagnostic DNA microarrays generally use tens of
oligonucleotides, whereas those for research and screening can
have hundreds of thousands of oligonucleotides on a single
microarray.
Doping: Adding impurities to a material to change its properties, often
referring to altering the properties of semiconductors by adding
atoms with different numbers of valence electrons than those in
the base material or oxidizing or reducing some of the molecules
in the system.
Drude model: A model for conductivity that assumes that mobile electrons in a material do not interact with each other and instead
only interact with the cations (atomic nuclei + strongly bound
electrons) in the material.
Eigenfunction: A function that is regenerated when acted upon by an
operator (see eigenvalues).
Electrical double layer: The diffuse layer of counter ions in a solution,
which are associated with a charged surface.
Elementary steps: Individual transformations between reactants, intermediates, and products during the course of a reaction.
Ellipsometry: An optical method for measuring the thickness and
refractive index (real and/or imaginary, depending on instrument
type) of materials by measuring change in the phase and the
reflection coefficients of elliptically polarized light.
Emission (Spectroscopy): Emission processes are processes in which a
molecule or material emits a photon of light with an energy that
corresponds to the difference between two quantum states, such
Glossary
441