one being surface specificity. The surface chosen must be imprintable
with a reasonable level of force but also stable enough that the imprinting
will survive for a desirable amount of time.
10.6.5 Summary
Nanolithographic methods can be used individually or combined with
other fabrication methods to amplify the range of possible surface
structures and their uses. For example, photolithography can be used to
create a pattern on a surface on which nanowires can be grown. The
combination of these two techniques would generate a surface with
multiple levels of roughness, a surface property with practical applications in superhydrophobicity. Nanolithography is thus a quickly developing field encompassing many techniques for the fabrication of very
useful nanoscale patterned surfaces.
10.7 DNA AND LIPID MICROARRAYS
Over the past three decades, advances made in our understanding of
genetics have led to the creation of DNA microarrays. DNA microarrays
are surfaces that have been coated with specific oligonucleotide
sequences and have been particularly useful in gene expression studies.
The number of oligonucleotides on a DNA microarray can vary greatly
depending on the microarray’s purpose; diagnostic microarrays may have
tens of oligonucleotides, while microarrays for research or screening
purposes may have hundreds of thousands of oligonucleotides on a single
array. This section will address the basic protocol of a DNA microarray
experiment, the various methods of array fabrication, optimization of an
array, and their applications. The student is encouraged to review basic
biochemistry of DNA before reading this section.
10.7.1 Using a DNA microarray
Each DNA microarray is unique to a certain purpose, such as diagnosing
cardiovascular disease or monitoring the entire genome of a strain of
Escherichia coli (E. coli); as such, a microarray must be fabricated or
purchased for each experiment. Depending on the size of the microarray
and the availability of equipment, it is often more feasible to purchase
prefabricated microarrays. Fabrication techniques will be described in
more detail later in this section.
CHAPTER 10: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications of Thin Films
420
with a reasonable level of force but also stable enough that the imprinting
will survive for a desirable amount of time.
10.6.5 Summary
Nanolithographic methods can be used individually or combined with
other fabrication methods to amplify the range of possible surface
structures and their uses. For example, photolithography can be used to
create a pattern on a surface on which nanowires can be grown. The
combination of these two techniques would generate a surface with
multiple levels of roughness, a surface property with practical applications in superhydrophobicity. Nanolithography is thus a quickly developing field encompassing many techniques for the fabrication of very
useful nanoscale patterned surfaces.
10.7 DNA AND LIPID MICROARRAYS
Over the past three decades, advances made in our understanding of
genetics have led to the creation of DNA microarrays. DNA microarrays
are surfaces that have been coated with specific oligonucleotide
sequences and have been particularly useful in gene expression studies.
The number of oligonucleotides on a DNA microarray can vary greatly
depending on the microarray’s purpose; diagnostic microarrays may have
tens of oligonucleotides, while microarrays for research or screening
purposes may have hundreds of thousands of oligonucleotides on a single
array. This section will address the basic protocol of a DNA microarray
experiment, the various methods of array fabrication, optimization of an
array, and their applications. The student is encouraged to review basic
biochemistry of DNA before reading this section.
10.7.1 Using a DNA microarray
Each DNA microarray is unique to a certain purpose, such as diagnosing
cardiovascular disease or monitoring the entire genome of a strain of
Escherichia coli (E. coli); as such, a microarray must be fabricated or
purchased for each experiment. Depending on the size of the microarray
and the availability of equipment, it is often more feasible to purchase
prefabricated microarrays. Fabrication techniques will be described in
more detail later in this section.
CHAPTER 10: Fabrication, Properties, and Applications of Thin Films
420