1 LOW CARBON ENERGY IN THE MIDDLE EAST …
15
Third, the focus of this volume is the evolving impact of domestic
and external stakeholders—such as the oil and gas industry, financiers,
foreign governments, state-owned utilities, Ministries, power developers,
and grassroots organizations—on the uptake of low carbon energy. The
degree to which low carbon energy targets, policies, and actors have been
institutionalized, mainstreamed, and embedded into development plans is
also a central tenet of enquiry since this ‘locks in’ changes in energy policy
and the role of the state. After all, and to paraphrase Milton Friedman,
energy is always and everywhere a political phenomenon.
Notes
1. Rahmatallah Poudineh, Anupama Sen, and Bassam Fattouh, “Advancing
Renewable Energy in Resource-Rich Economies of the MENA,” Renewable Energy 123 (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.
02.015.
2. REN21, Renewables 2020: Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 2020), Table 10, p. 48, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/upl
oads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf.
3. IRENA, Transforming the Energy System—And Holding the Line on the
Rise of Global Temperatures (Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy
Agency, 2019); McKinsey, Global Energy Perspective 2019: Reference Case
(McKinsey, 2019), https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Ind
ustries/Oil%20and%20Gas/Our%20Insights/Global%20Energy%20Pers
pective%202019/McKinsey-Energy-Insights-Global-Energy-Perspective2019_Reference-Case-Summary.ashx.
4. Spencer Dale and Bassam Fattouh, Peak Oil Demand and Long-Run
Oil Prices (Oxford: Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 2019), https://
www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PeakOil-Demand-and-Long-Run-Oil-Prices-Insight-25.pdf.
5. David Ramin Jalilvand and Kirsten Westphal, eds., The Political and
Economic Challenges of Energy in the Middle East and North Africa
(Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2018).
6. Manfred Hafner and Simone Tagliapietra, eds., The Geopolitics of the
Global Energy Transition (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020).
7. WB, World Bank Open Data (Washington, DC: n.d.).
8. BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (2020), https://www.bp.
com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/ene
rgy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf.
9. The Gulf Cooperation Council was formed in 1981 and comprise six
members, namely, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab
Emirates, and Qatar.
15
Third, the focus of this volume is the evolving impact of domestic
and external stakeholders—such as the oil and gas industry, financiers,
foreign governments, state-owned utilities, Ministries, power developers,
and grassroots organizations—on the uptake of low carbon energy. The
degree to which low carbon energy targets, policies, and actors have been
institutionalized, mainstreamed, and embedded into development plans is
also a central tenet of enquiry since this ‘locks in’ changes in energy policy
and the role of the state. After all, and to paraphrase Milton Friedman,
energy is always and everywhere a political phenomenon.
Notes
1. Rahmatallah Poudineh, Anupama Sen, and Bassam Fattouh, “Advancing
Renewable Energy in Resource-Rich Economies of the MENA,” Renewable Energy 123 (2018), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.
02.015.
2. REN21, Renewables 2020: Global Status Report (Paris: REN21 Secretariat, 2020), Table 10, p. 48, https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/upl
oads/2019/05/gsr_2020_full_report_en.pdf.
3. IRENA, Transforming the Energy System—And Holding the Line on the
Rise of Global Temperatures (Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy
Agency, 2019); McKinsey, Global Energy Perspective 2019: Reference Case
(McKinsey, 2019), https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Ind
ustries/Oil%20and%20Gas/Our%20Insights/Global%20Energy%20Pers
pective%202019/McKinsey-Energy-Insights-Global-Energy-Perspective2019_Reference-Case-Summary.ashx.
4. Spencer Dale and Bassam Fattouh, Peak Oil Demand and Long-Run
Oil Prices (Oxford: Oxford Institute of Energy Studies, 2019), https://
www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PeakOil-Demand-and-Long-Run-Oil-Prices-Insight-25.pdf.
5. David Ramin Jalilvand and Kirsten Westphal, eds., The Political and
Economic Challenges of Energy in the Middle East and North Africa
(Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2018).
6. Manfred Hafner and Simone Tagliapietra, eds., The Geopolitics of the
Global Energy Transition (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020).
7. WB, World Bank Open Data (Washington, DC: n.d.).
8. BP, BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2020 (2020), https://www.bp.
com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/ene
rgy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf.
9. The Gulf Cooperation Council was formed in 1981 and comprise six
members, namely, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, United Arab
Emirates, and Qatar.