234 J. OBEID
obstructed by the political context and regional rivalries. Competition
with fossil fuels and vested interests across the value chain are present, but
are less of an impediment than the overall inefficient political systems.
The political rivalry and clashes across the system, and the opposing
forces sharing power, are a major cause of delays in diversification and, as
a rule of thumb, across all sectors.
The system beats everything, including alternative energy disruptions.
Notes
1. EDAMA, Jordan Clean Technology Sector: Report 2016 (Amman, 2016),
10.
2. Ministry of Environment/UNDP, Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Lebanon: Fiscal,
Equity, Economic and Environmental Impacts (Beirut, 2015), 2.
3. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Energy 2019—Facts and
Figures (Amman, 2019).
4. Ministry of Environment/UNDP, Optimal Renewable Energy Mix of the
Power Sector by 2020: Investment Cost Implications for Lebanon (Beirut,
2015), 1.
5. Ministry of Energy and Water, Updated Policy Paper for the Electricity
Sector (Beirut, 2019).
6. Jessica Obeid, “The 3-Decade Impossible Power Sector Reforms”, Italian
Institute for International Political Studies, March 13, 2020, https://
www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/lebanon-3-decade-impossible-powersector-reforms-25377.
7. Ibid.
8. EDAMA, Jordan Clean Technology Sector: Report 2016 (Amman, 2016),
10.
9. Aziz Atamanov, Jon Jellema, and Umar Serajuddin, “The Cost of Reform
in Jordan: Petroleum and Electricity Subsidies”, World Bank (2015), 2.
10. World Bank/ESMAP, West Bank and Gaza Energy Efficiency Action Plan
2020–2030 (Washington, DC, 2016), 26.
11. According to a government official, the target of 5% renewable energy of
primary demand by 2020 equates 130 MW.
12. World Bank/ESMAP, Securing Energy for Development in West Bank and
Gaza (Washington, DC, 2016), 5.
13. World Bank, Electricity Sector Performance Improvement Project: Palestine
(Washington, DC, 2018), 4.
14. Modified by the Government of Jordan upwards in 2018 from the 2007
target of 10%.
15. Data Computed from NEPCO, Bulletin 2018 (2018), 1.
obstructed by the political context and regional rivalries. Competition
with fossil fuels and vested interests across the value chain are present, but
are less of an impediment than the overall inefficient political systems.
The political rivalry and clashes across the system, and the opposing
forces sharing power, are a major cause of delays in diversification and, as
a rule of thumb, across all sectors.
The system beats everything, including alternative energy disruptions.
Notes
1. EDAMA, Jordan Clean Technology Sector: Report 2016 (Amman, 2016),
10.
2. Ministry of Environment/UNDP, Fossil Fuel Subsidies in Lebanon: Fiscal,
Equity, Economic and Environmental Impacts (Beirut, 2015), 2.
3. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Energy 2019—Facts and
Figures (Amman, 2019).
4. Ministry of Environment/UNDP, Optimal Renewable Energy Mix of the
Power Sector by 2020: Investment Cost Implications for Lebanon (Beirut,
2015), 1.
5. Ministry of Energy and Water, Updated Policy Paper for the Electricity
Sector (Beirut, 2019).
6. Jessica Obeid, “The 3-Decade Impossible Power Sector Reforms”, Italian
Institute for International Political Studies, March 13, 2020, https://
www.ispionline.it/it/pubblicazione/lebanon-3-decade-impossible-powersector-reforms-25377.
7. Ibid.
8. EDAMA, Jordan Clean Technology Sector: Report 2016 (Amman, 2016),
10.
9. Aziz Atamanov, Jon Jellema, and Umar Serajuddin, “The Cost of Reform
in Jordan: Petroleum and Electricity Subsidies”, World Bank (2015), 2.
10. World Bank/ESMAP, West Bank and Gaza Energy Efficiency Action Plan
2020–2030 (Washington, DC, 2016), 26.
11. According to a government official, the target of 5% renewable energy of
primary demand by 2020 equates 130 MW.
12. World Bank/ESMAP, Securing Energy for Development in West Bank and
Gaza (Washington, DC, 2016), 5.
13. World Bank, Electricity Sector Performance Improvement Project: Palestine
(Washington, DC, 2018), 4.
14. Modified by the Government of Jordan upwards in 2018 from the 2007
target of 10%.
15. Data Computed from NEPCO, Bulletin 2018 (2018), 1.