Contents ◾ xiii
Transport and Metabolism of Lipid Compounds ............................................................137
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................137
References .......................................................................................................................138
13 Genetics of Some Beneficial Traits ...........................................................................139
Introduction ...................................................................................................................139
Plasmids and Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria ....................................139
Important Characteristics of Bacterial Plasmids ....................................................140
Some Characteristics of Small (ca. 10 kb) and Large (over 10 to ca. 150 kb)
Plasmids ................................................................................................................140
Presence of Plasmids in Some Starter-Culture Bacteria ..........................................141
Phenotype Assignment to a Plasmid ......................................................................141
Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria .................................................142
Cryptic Plasmids ...................................................................................................143
Plasmid Replication ...............................................................................................143
Plasmid Mapping and Sequencing .........................................................................143
Gene Transfer Methods in Starter-Culture Bacteria ........................................................144
Transduction .........................................................................................................144
Conjugation ...........................................................................................................144
Transformation ......................................................................................................145
Protoplast Fusion ...................................................................................................145
Electrotransformation ............................................................................................146
Conjugative Transposons .......................................................................................146
Gene Cloning .................................................................................................................146
Cloning Vectors .....................................................................................................147
Metabolic Engineering ..........................................................................................148
Mixed Acid Fermentation by Lactococcus lactis .............................................148
l(+)-Lactic Acid Production ..........................................................................148
Diacetyl Production by Lactococcus lactis ......................................................149
Alanine Production from Carbohydrates ......................................................149
Production of Mannitol and Other Polyols ...................................................149
Production of Folic Acid and Riboflavin.......................................................149
Enhancing Proteolysis by Cell Lysis ..............................................................150
Protein Targeting ...................................................................................................150
Expression of Interleukins ............................................................................150
Drug-Delivery System .................................................................................. 151
Production of Pediocin in Heterologous Hosts ............................................. 151
Protein Engineering ............................................................................................... 151
Production of Hybrid Prepediocin ................................................................ 151
Bioengineered Bacteriocins ...........................................................................152
Genome Mapping and Sequencing .................................................................................152
Lactic Acid Bacteria ...............................................................................................152
Bacteriophages .......................................................................................................154
The Lac and Las Genes ..........................................................................................154
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................155
References .......................................................................................................................156
Transport and Metabolism of Lipid Compounds ............................................................137
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................137
References .......................................................................................................................138
13 Genetics of Some Beneficial Traits ...........................................................................139
Introduction ...................................................................................................................139
Plasmids and Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria ....................................139
Important Characteristics of Bacterial Plasmids ....................................................140
Some Characteristics of Small (ca. 10 kb) and Large (over 10 to ca. 150 kb)
Plasmids ................................................................................................................140
Presence of Plasmids in Some Starter-Culture Bacteria ..........................................141
Phenotype Assignment to a Plasmid ......................................................................141
Plasmid-Linked Traits in Starter-Culture Bacteria .................................................142
Cryptic Plasmids ...................................................................................................143
Plasmid Replication ...............................................................................................143
Plasmid Mapping and Sequencing .........................................................................143
Gene Transfer Methods in Starter-Culture Bacteria ........................................................144
Transduction .........................................................................................................144
Conjugation ...........................................................................................................144
Transformation ......................................................................................................145
Protoplast Fusion ...................................................................................................145
Electrotransformation ............................................................................................146
Conjugative Transposons .......................................................................................146
Gene Cloning .................................................................................................................146
Cloning Vectors .....................................................................................................147
Metabolic Engineering ..........................................................................................148
Mixed Acid Fermentation by Lactococcus lactis .............................................148
l(+)-Lactic Acid Production ..........................................................................148
Diacetyl Production by Lactococcus lactis ......................................................149
Alanine Production from Carbohydrates ......................................................149
Production of Mannitol and Other Polyols ...................................................149
Production of Folic Acid and Riboflavin.......................................................149
Enhancing Proteolysis by Cell Lysis ..............................................................150
Protein Targeting ...................................................................................................150
Expression of Interleukins ............................................................................150
Drug-Delivery System .................................................................................. 151
Production of Pediocin in Heterologous Hosts ............................................. 151
Protein Engineering ............................................................................................... 151
Production of Hybrid Prepediocin ................................................................ 151
Bioengineered Bacteriocins ...........................................................................152
Genome Mapping and Sequencing .................................................................................152
Lactic Acid Bacteria ...............................................................................................152
Bacteriophages .......................................................................................................154
The Lac and Las Genes ..........................................................................................154
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................155
References .......................................................................................................................156