53
triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fraction. There was no noticeable synergy between the
effects of RS and cholestyramine when both were present in the diet (Younes et al.
1995). Furthermore, Rats susceptible to obesity attained lesser body weight with 4,
12 and 16% RS as distinguished with the 0% RS, but in obese-antagonistic animals,
significant effect was observed exclusively at 16% RS. Food with 8% RS reported
to reduce adiposity irrespective of phenotype (Belobrajdic et al. 2012).
Mineral Absorption
Resistant starch has an inherent property to escape the normal route of digestion and
undergoes fermentation in the distle part of the small intestines to yield short chain
fatty acids majority of which consists of propionate and butyrate. The organic acids
produced via fermentation of RS and related ingredients have shown a considerable
effect on absorption of various important mineral components by altering cellular
mechanisms by increasing the cell surface area. Various mineral elements show an
enhanced solubility in presence of resistant starch that has been related to higher
content of amylose in RS. Increased amylose content engages almost all the hydrogen bonds present hence diminishing mineral binding sites on starch molecules
thereby increasing their solubility and intestinal absorption (Dobbing et al. 1989).
Among all the minerals the SCFA’s mainly assist in calcium absorption by modification of the electrolyte balance of the cells through passive diffusion across the cell
membrane. Consumption of RS on regular basis has also shown improvement in
magnesium assimilation probably by the mechanism of change in ion solubility due
to lower pH. Various in vivo studies concluded the positive effect of resistant starch
on mineral absorption. Younes et al. found a considerable improvement in dietary
calcium levels of rats on feeding them 15–35% RS. Another study conducted
reported a much higher assimilation of calcium and magnesium salts on feeding the
rats with potato RS and high amylose starch for 1 week. Increase in the consumption frequency of high amylose starch from various have shown a much higher
increase in mineral absorption. Another group of researchers conducted a study to
compare the intestinal apparent absorption of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc in
the presence of either resistant or digestible starch brought out that a meal containing 16.4% RS resulted in a greater apparent absorption of calcium and iron compared with a completely digestible starch. According to Schulz et al. (1993) some
RS (RS2 but not RS3) could improve calcium and magnesium absorption by
enhancing mineral solubility in the cecum and/or large intestine. Raw potato starch
is considered to be RS2. Feeding raw potato starch enhances fermentation in the
distal parts of the digestive tract. As a result, the absorption of calcium, magnesium,
iron, zinc and copper was increased owing to hypertrophy of the cecal wall and
cecal acidification. Furthermore, reported that inulin and resistant starch ingestion
led to considerable caecal fermentation in the three experimental groups of rats
compared with the control group diet. Moreover, both carbohydrates significantly
increased the intestinal absorption and balance of Ca and Mg, without altering the
Neutraceutical Properties of Resistant Starch
triglyceride-rich lipoprotein fraction. There was no noticeable synergy between the
effects of RS and cholestyramine when both were present in the diet (Younes et al.
1995). Furthermore, Rats susceptible to obesity attained lesser body weight with 4,
12 and 16% RS as distinguished with the 0% RS, but in obese-antagonistic animals,
significant effect was observed exclusively at 16% RS. Food with 8% RS reported
to reduce adiposity irrespective of phenotype (Belobrajdic et al. 2012).
Mineral Absorption
Resistant starch has an inherent property to escape the normal route of digestion and
undergoes fermentation in the distle part of the small intestines to yield short chain
fatty acids majority of which consists of propionate and butyrate. The organic acids
produced via fermentation of RS and related ingredients have shown a considerable
effect on absorption of various important mineral components by altering cellular
mechanisms by increasing the cell surface area. Various mineral elements show an
enhanced solubility in presence of resistant starch that has been related to higher
content of amylose in RS. Increased amylose content engages almost all the hydrogen bonds present hence diminishing mineral binding sites on starch molecules
thereby increasing their solubility and intestinal absorption (Dobbing et al. 1989).
Among all the minerals the SCFA’s mainly assist in calcium absorption by modification of the electrolyte balance of the cells through passive diffusion across the cell
membrane. Consumption of RS on regular basis has also shown improvement in
magnesium assimilation probably by the mechanism of change in ion solubility due
to lower pH. Various in vivo studies concluded the positive effect of resistant starch
on mineral absorption. Younes et al. found a considerable improvement in dietary
calcium levels of rats on feeding them 15–35% RS. Another study conducted
reported a much higher assimilation of calcium and magnesium salts on feeding the
rats with potato RS and high amylose starch for 1 week. Increase in the consumption frequency of high amylose starch from various have shown a much higher
increase in mineral absorption. Another group of researchers conducted a study to
compare the intestinal apparent absorption of calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc in
the presence of either resistant or digestible starch brought out that a meal containing 16.4% RS resulted in a greater apparent absorption of calcium and iron compared with a completely digestible starch. According to Schulz et al. (1993) some
RS (RS2 but not RS3) could improve calcium and magnesium absorption by
enhancing mineral solubility in the cecum and/or large intestine. Raw potato starch
is considered to be RS2. Feeding raw potato starch enhances fermentation in the
distal parts of the digestive tract. As a result, the absorption of calcium, magnesium,
iron, zinc and copper was increased owing to hypertrophy of the cecal wall and
cecal acidification. Furthermore, reported that inulin and resistant starch ingestion
led to considerable caecal fermentation in the three experimental groups of rats
compared with the control group diet. Moreover, both carbohydrates significantly
increased the intestinal absorption and balance of Ca and Mg, without altering the
Neutraceutical Properties of Resistant Starch