420
Likewise, Boukhris et al. (2012) demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of essential
oil extracted from Pelargonium graveolens. The essential oil of P. graveolens was
administered daily and orally to the rats at two doses of 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg
body weight (b.w.) for 30 days. The hypoglycemic effect of P. graveolens oil was
significantly more effective than that of diabetic drug glibenclamide which was confirmed through the histological findings in hepatic and renal tissues of diabetic rats
as well. Recently, Tahir et al. (2016) evaluated the antidiabetic potential of Syzygium
aromaticum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils and their emulsions by alphaamylase inhibition assay in dose-dependent mode (1 to 100 μg/mL). Five emulsions
(essential oil + surfactant [tween 80] + co-surfactant [ethanol] + water) of different
concentrations for S. aromaticum (A1–A5) and C. cyminum (B1–B5) essential oils
were formulated. Among different emulsions, A5 of S. aromaticum (100 μg/mL)
and B5 of C. cyminum essential oil (100 μg/mL) exhibited a maximum antidiabetic
activity with 95.30 and 83.09% inhibition of α-amylase, respectively. Moreover, the
analysis of essential oils showed that eugenol (18.7%) and α-pinene (18.8%) were
the major components of S. aromaticum and C. cyminum essential oils, respectively.
De Sousa et al. (2004) investigated the effects of kaempferol-3,7-O-(α)dirhamnoside (kaempferitrin), a major flavonoid compound of the n-butanol fraction from Bauhinia forficata leaves, on serum glucose levels, as well as its antioxidant
potential through In vivo and in vitro treatments. Oral administration of kaempferitrin led to a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal and in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, blood glucose was lowered only with the higher dose of
kaempferitrin (200 mg/kg) at 1 h after treatment. However, the hypoglycemic effect
of kaempferitrin in diabetic rats was evident at all doses tested (50, 100, and 200 mg/
kg), and this profile was maintained throughout the period studied for both higher
doses. Similarly, Tanaka et al. (2006) evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of
Aloe vera gel and its isolated compounds such as lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol,
24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartenol, and 24-methylene-cycloartenol from the gel. In
vehicle-treated mice, statistically significant decreases of 15–18% in HbA1c levels
were observed in treatment with 1 μg of the five phytosterols. Considering the ability to reduce blood glucose in vivo, there were no differences among the five phytosterols. After administration of the five phytosterols for 28 days, fasting blood
glucose levels decreased to approximately 28–64% than control levels. These findings suggested that Aloe vera gel and its derived phytosterols have a long-term
blood glucose level control effect. Likewise, Sharma et al. (2008) evaluated the
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of flavonoid-rich extract obtained from the
seeds of Eugenia jambolana in diabetic rats. Hypoglycemic activity was assessed
by reduction in fasting blood glucose and peak blood glucose level within 60 min of
glucose tolerance test in mild and severely diabetic rats. Different biochemical
parameters like glycogen biosynthesis, glucose homeostatic enzyme (glucose- 6phosphatase, hexokinase) activities demonstrated significant improvement as compared to diabetic counterparts. Further, the flavonoids also stimulated a 16% increase
in insulin release in vitro from pancreatic islets.
DHA exhibits its hypoglycemic effects by increasing insulin sensitivity and suppressing the blood glucose level. Moreover, the DHA in the insulin emulsion
G. J. Swamy et al.
Likewise, Boukhris et al. (2012) demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect of essential
oil extracted from Pelargonium graveolens. The essential oil of P. graveolens was
administered daily and orally to the rats at two doses of 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg
body weight (b.w.) for 30 days. The hypoglycemic effect of P. graveolens oil was
significantly more effective than that of diabetic drug glibenclamide which was confirmed through the histological findings in hepatic and renal tissues of diabetic rats
as well. Recently, Tahir et al. (2016) evaluated the antidiabetic potential of Syzygium
aromaticum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils and their emulsions by alphaamylase inhibition assay in dose-dependent mode (1 to 100 μg/mL). Five emulsions
(essential oil + surfactant [tween 80] + co-surfactant [ethanol] + water) of different
concentrations for S. aromaticum (A1–A5) and C. cyminum (B1–B5) essential oils
were formulated. Among different emulsions, A5 of S. aromaticum (100 μg/mL)
and B5 of C. cyminum essential oil (100 μg/mL) exhibited a maximum antidiabetic
activity with 95.30 and 83.09% inhibition of α-amylase, respectively. Moreover, the
analysis of essential oils showed that eugenol (18.7%) and α-pinene (18.8%) were
the major components of S. aromaticum and C. cyminum essential oils, respectively.
De Sousa et al. (2004) investigated the effects of kaempferol-3,7-O-(α)dirhamnoside (kaempferitrin), a major flavonoid compound of the n-butanol fraction from Bauhinia forficata leaves, on serum glucose levels, as well as its antioxidant
potential through In vivo and in vitro treatments. Oral administration of kaempferitrin led to a significant hypoglycemic effect in normal and in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In normal rats, blood glucose was lowered only with the higher dose of
kaempferitrin (200 mg/kg) at 1 h after treatment. However, the hypoglycemic effect
of kaempferitrin in diabetic rats was evident at all doses tested (50, 100, and 200 mg/
kg), and this profile was maintained throughout the period studied for both higher
doses. Similarly, Tanaka et al. (2006) evaluated the anti-hyperglycemic effect of
Aloe vera gel and its isolated compounds such as lophenol, 24-methyl-lophenol,
24-ethyl-lophenol, cycloartenol, and 24-methylene-cycloartenol from the gel. In
vehicle-treated mice, statistically significant decreases of 15–18% in HbA1c levels
were observed in treatment with 1 μg of the five phytosterols. Considering the ability to reduce blood glucose in vivo, there were no differences among the five phytosterols. After administration of the five phytosterols for 28 days, fasting blood
glucose levels decreased to approximately 28–64% than control levels. These findings suggested that Aloe vera gel and its derived phytosterols have a long-term
blood glucose level control effect. Likewise, Sharma et al. (2008) evaluated the
hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of flavonoid-rich extract obtained from the
seeds of Eugenia jambolana in diabetic rats. Hypoglycemic activity was assessed
by reduction in fasting blood glucose and peak blood glucose level within 60 min of
glucose tolerance test in mild and severely diabetic rats. Different biochemical
parameters like glycogen biosynthesis, glucose homeostatic enzyme (glucose- 6phosphatase, hexokinase) activities demonstrated significant improvement as compared to diabetic counterparts. Further, the flavonoids also stimulated a 16% increase
in insulin release in vitro from pancreatic islets.
DHA exhibits its hypoglycemic effects by increasing insulin sensitivity and suppressing the blood glucose level. Moreover, the DHA in the insulin emulsion
G. J. Swamy et al.