417
hydrophobically modified starch (HMS), a food-grade biopolymer, and formed
micelles. Upon encapsulation, curcumin showed increased solubility by about
1670-folds, which improves bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Encapsulated
curcumin had enhanced in vitro anticancer activity compared to free curcumin.
The green tea and its polyphenols were also reported to Inhibit various carcinogenesis in many in vitro and animal models. The mechanisms of action have been
extensively investigated mostly in cell culture systems with (-)-epigallocatechin- 3gallate (EGCG), the most active and major polyphenolic compound from green tea.
Experimental evidence from animal models also suggests that tea plays a significant
role in inhibition of carcinogenesis in organ sites in skin, lung, esophagus, stomach,
liver, small intestine, pancreas, colon, bladder, and mammary gland. (role of nutraceuticals inhuman health). The chemopreventive effects of green tea depend are
mainly due to its antioxidant action; the specific induction of detoxifying enzymes;
its molecular regulatory functions on cellular growth, development and apoptosis;
and a selective improvement in the function of the intestinal bacteria flora. Zhang
et al. (2002) reported that ovarian cancer risk declined with increasing frequency
and duration of green tea consumption. In the same line of research, Yu et al. (2004)
reported that EGCG inhibited the growth of prostate cancer adenoma cells and
induced apoptosis.
Like polyphenols, flavonoids are more effective against various cancer and their
mechanisms of action have been identified, including carcinogen inactivation, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis,
antioxidation, and reversal of multidrug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms. Benavente-García and Castillo (2008) stated that the pharmacological properties of Citrus flavonoids can be linked to the abilities of these compounds to
inhibit enzymes involved in cell activation. The mechanism for cancer control
includes the use of suppressing, blocking, and transforming agents. Suppressing
agents prevent the formation of new cancers from procarcinogens, and blocking
agents prevent carcinogenic compounds from reaching critical initiation sites, while
transformation agents facilitate the metabolism of carcinogenic components into
less toxic materials or prevent their biological actions.
Various studies demonstrated that functional lipids are effectively inhibiting the
cancerous cell growth. EPA inhibited prostate cell growth at higher concentrations
and significantly reduced the tumor size and carcinoma cells in a mouse model.
Moreover, omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids (2.5/1) reduced the cancer risk at a lower
ratio. Likewise, the vitamin A, E, K2, and K3 and phytosterols exhibited chemoprevention activity by suppressing the proliferation of cancerous cells. This shows that
functional lipids play a major role in reducing the incidence of cancer and could be
an avenue for therapeutic intervention. However, an understanding of the chemoprevention mechanism, biomarkers, clinical trials, and long-term effects of these lipids
in humans awaits further study.
Nutraceutical Properties of Lipids
hydrophobically modified starch (HMS), a food-grade biopolymer, and formed
micelles. Upon encapsulation, curcumin showed increased solubility by about
1670-folds, which improves bioaccessibility and bioavailability. Encapsulated
curcumin had enhanced in vitro anticancer activity compared to free curcumin.
The green tea and its polyphenols were also reported to Inhibit various carcinogenesis in many in vitro and animal models. The mechanisms of action have been
extensively investigated mostly in cell culture systems with (-)-epigallocatechin- 3gallate (EGCG), the most active and major polyphenolic compound from green tea.
Experimental evidence from animal models also suggests that tea plays a significant
role in inhibition of carcinogenesis in organ sites in skin, lung, esophagus, stomach,
liver, small intestine, pancreas, colon, bladder, and mammary gland. (role of nutraceuticals inhuman health). The chemopreventive effects of green tea depend are
mainly due to its antioxidant action; the specific induction of detoxifying enzymes;
its molecular regulatory functions on cellular growth, development and apoptosis;
and a selective improvement in the function of the intestinal bacteria flora. Zhang
et al. (2002) reported that ovarian cancer risk declined with increasing frequency
and duration of green tea consumption. In the same line of research, Yu et al. (2004)
reported that EGCG inhibited the growth of prostate cancer adenoma cells and
induced apoptosis.
Like polyphenols, flavonoids are more effective against various cancer and their
mechanisms of action have been identified, including carcinogen inactivation, antiproliferation, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis,
antioxidation, and reversal of multidrug resistance or a combination of these mechanisms. Benavente-García and Castillo (2008) stated that the pharmacological properties of Citrus flavonoids can be linked to the abilities of these compounds to
inhibit enzymes involved in cell activation. The mechanism for cancer control
includes the use of suppressing, blocking, and transforming agents. Suppressing
agents prevent the formation of new cancers from procarcinogens, and blocking
agents prevent carcinogenic compounds from reaching critical initiation sites, while
transformation agents facilitate the metabolism of carcinogenic components into
less toxic materials or prevent their biological actions.
Various studies demonstrated that functional lipids are effectively inhibiting the
cancerous cell growth. EPA inhibited prostate cell growth at higher concentrations
and significantly reduced the tumor size and carcinoma cells in a mouse model.
Moreover, omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids (2.5/1) reduced the cancer risk at a lower
ratio. Likewise, the vitamin A, E, K2, and K3 and phytosterols exhibited chemoprevention activity by suppressing the proliferation of cancerous cells. This shows that
functional lipids play a major role in reducing the incidence of cancer and could be
an avenue for therapeutic intervention. However, an understanding of the chemoprevention mechanism, biomarkers, clinical trials, and long-term effects of these lipids
in humans awaits further study.
Nutraceutical Properties of Lipids