345
increased with decreasing molecular weight of peptides in soy protein hydrolysate.
In another study, wheat germ hydrolysate and its dominant peptide has been reported
to be significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It was found that the dominant bioactive peptide could be metabolised
by an aminopeptidase to form an ACE inhibitor metabolite, indicating potential
blood pressure lowering effects of the metabolite after absorption (Matsui et al.
2000). Similarly, a buckwheat protein hydrolysate was found to decrease systolic
blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats and also hamper ACE, especially
when proteolysis was accomplished with pepsin followed by chymotrypsin and
trypsin (Li et al. 2002). Casein and whey hydrolysates have also been observed to
have strong antihypertensive activity, by way of ACE inhibition (Nongonierma and
O’keeffe 2016). More recently, it was found that the enzymatic hydrolysate of
flounder fish muscle includes novel ACE inhibitory peptides may be beneficial as a
functional food for treating hypertension (Ju-Young et al. 2016).
Immunomodulatory Activity
It is well known that immune function plays an important role in preventing and
controlling chronic diseases. However, there are few strategies available to effectively modulate the immune response. It is imperative, therefore, to find new and
more efficiency immunomodulators that enhance immune function such as food
protein-derived peptides.
In foodstuffs, immunomodulatory substances play key role as health-benefiting
factors that protect the body from invading pathogens. Recently, immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates or peptides have been produced from a wide range of food
protein sources. These include milk (Masotti et al. 2011; Pan et al. 2013), whey
(Javier et al. 2014; Ma et al. 2014), egg (Lee et al. 2009; Lozano-Ojalvo et al. 2016),
fish (Karnjanapratum et al. 2016; Chalamaiah et al. 2015), wheat (Horiguchi et al.
2005) and soybean (Vernaza et al. 2012; Yimit et al. 2012). In a study, Nelson et al.
(2007) have demonstrated that peptidic fractions obtained from egg yolk induced a
humoral immune response associated with an increase of IgA+ cells in lamina propria in BALB/c mice. In another study, Kong et al. (2008) reported that enzymatic
hydrolysis of soy protein hydrolysates by Alcalase 2.4L released some low molecular weight and positively charged peptides which showed immune stimulatory
activity. Furthermore, it has been shown that enzymatic hydrolysis of full-cream
milk hydrolysates using papain and trypsin enhanced immunity in mice by increasing the weight of spleen and thymus and stimulating the phagocytosis of macrophages (Pan et al. 2013). Similarly, microencapsulated whey protein hydrolysate
has been reported to be significantly enhanced splenocyte proliferation activity (Ma
et al. 2014). More, recently, Tidarat et al. (2017) demonstrated that tilapia mince
hydrolysate has a stimulatory effect on innate immunity through induction of IL-1β
and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in THP-1 macrophages.
Advances in the Application of Food Proteins and Enzymes
increased with decreasing molecular weight of peptides in soy protein hydrolysate.
In another study, wheat germ hydrolysate and its dominant peptide has been reported
to be significantly reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) in spontaneously hypertensive rats. It was found that the dominant bioactive peptide could be metabolised
by an aminopeptidase to form an ACE inhibitor metabolite, indicating potential
blood pressure lowering effects of the metabolite after absorption (Matsui et al.
2000). Similarly, a buckwheat protein hydrolysate was found to decrease systolic
blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats and also hamper ACE, especially
when proteolysis was accomplished with pepsin followed by chymotrypsin and
trypsin (Li et al. 2002). Casein and whey hydrolysates have also been observed to
have strong antihypertensive activity, by way of ACE inhibition (Nongonierma and
O’keeffe 2016). More recently, it was found that the enzymatic hydrolysate of
flounder fish muscle includes novel ACE inhibitory peptides may be beneficial as a
functional food for treating hypertension (Ju-Young et al. 2016).
Immunomodulatory Activity
It is well known that immune function plays an important role in preventing and
controlling chronic diseases. However, there are few strategies available to effectively modulate the immune response. It is imperative, therefore, to find new and
more efficiency immunomodulators that enhance immune function such as food
protein-derived peptides.
In foodstuffs, immunomodulatory substances play key role as health-benefiting
factors that protect the body from invading pathogens. Recently, immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates or peptides have been produced from a wide range of food
protein sources. These include milk (Masotti et al. 2011; Pan et al. 2013), whey
(Javier et al. 2014; Ma et al. 2014), egg (Lee et al. 2009; Lozano-Ojalvo et al. 2016),
fish (Karnjanapratum et al. 2016; Chalamaiah et al. 2015), wheat (Horiguchi et al.
2005) and soybean (Vernaza et al. 2012; Yimit et al. 2012). In a study, Nelson et al.
(2007) have demonstrated that peptidic fractions obtained from egg yolk induced a
humoral immune response associated with an increase of IgA+ cells in lamina propria in BALB/c mice. In another study, Kong et al. (2008) reported that enzymatic
hydrolysis of soy protein hydrolysates by Alcalase 2.4L released some low molecular weight and positively charged peptides which showed immune stimulatory
activity. Furthermore, it has been shown that enzymatic hydrolysis of full-cream
milk hydrolysates using papain and trypsin enhanced immunity in mice by increasing the weight of spleen and thymus and stimulating the phagocytosis of macrophages (Pan et al. 2013). Similarly, microencapsulated whey protein hydrolysate
has been reported to be significantly enhanced splenocyte proliferation activity (Ma
et al. 2014). More, recently, Tidarat et al. (2017) demonstrated that tilapia mince
hydrolysate has a stimulatory effect on innate immunity through induction of IL-1β
and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions in THP-1 macrophages.
Advances in the Application of Food Proteins and Enzymes