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more cellulases in addition to pectinases to reduce viscosity sufficiently for juice
extraction using a decanter (Chaudhary et al. 2015).
Animal Feed
The use of exogenous enzymes as a feed additive strategy have attracted growing
attention and proved to be useful in improving production efficiency of ruminants
(Beauchemin et al. 2003). Morgavi et al. (2000) reported that enzymes improved
fiber degradation in the rumen by acting synergistically with the rumen microflora,
thereby increasing their hydrolytic capacity in the rumen (Beauchemin et al. 2004).
Moreover, the use of fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets is generally characterized
by an increases dry matter (DM)intake, cellulose degradation and/or nutrient digestibility, and consequently increase animal performance (Yang et al. 2000). The supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes milk yield was improved significantly
(41.0 vs. 39.5 kg/cow/day) compared to untreated dairy cows. In addition, the
energy corrected milk (40.6 vs. 39.4 kg) and feed efficiency in early lactating dairy
cows were improved significantly compared to the control group (Mohamed et al.
2013). In another study Lopuszanska-Rusek and Bilik (2011) observed enhanced
milk production with xylanase-esterase supplementation and a tendency of improving dry matter intake and milk production with xylanase and cellulase enzyme
supplementation.
Apart from fibrolytic enzymes there is evidence that exogenous proteolytic
enzyme could increase the total tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter,
acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber with larger increases in digestibility
of cows though the feeding of proteolytic enzyme unexpectedly decreased feed
intake of cows. As a result, milk production was suppressed, nevertheless, dairy
efficiency, expressed as milk/dry matter intake, was increased. Supplemented proteolytic enzyme enhanced some milk composition factors such as milk fat and milk
lactose percentages but decreased milk protein percentage (Eun and
Beauchemin 2005).
In a study conducted by Gado et al. (2009), they found that addition of enzymes
increased rumen microbial N synthesis. Intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was positively influenced by supplementation, and digestibility of all
nutrients was higher in the total tract of supplemented cows, although the magnitude of the improvement varied among nutrients, with the highest improvement in
neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) and acid detergent fiber(ADFom) (418–584 and
401–532 g/kg respectively) than the other nutrients. Supplementation of enzymes
also increased rumen ammonia N and total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and individual SCFA proportions were also altered with an increase in acetate
(61.0–64.8 mol/100 mol) before feeding, and acetate and propionate increased 3 h
post-feeding (60.0–64.0 and 18.3–20.8 mol/100 mol respectively).
Exogenous Enzymes
more cellulases in addition to pectinases to reduce viscosity sufficiently for juice
extraction using a decanter (Chaudhary et al. 2015).
Animal Feed
The use of exogenous enzymes as a feed additive strategy have attracted growing
attention and proved to be useful in improving production efficiency of ruminants
(Beauchemin et al. 2003). Morgavi et al. (2000) reported that enzymes improved
fiber degradation in the rumen by acting synergistically with the rumen microflora,
thereby increasing their hydrolytic capacity in the rumen (Beauchemin et al. 2004).
Moreover, the use of fibrolytic enzymes in ruminant diets is generally characterized
by an increases dry matter (DM)intake, cellulose degradation and/or nutrient digestibility, and consequently increase animal performance (Yang et al. 2000). The supplementation of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes milk yield was improved significantly
(41.0 vs. 39.5 kg/cow/day) compared to untreated dairy cows. In addition, the
energy corrected milk (40.6 vs. 39.4 kg) and feed efficiency in early lactating dairy
cows were improved significantly compared to the control group (Mohamed et al.
2013). In another study Lopuszanska-Rusek and Bilik (2011) observed enhanced
milk production with xylanase-esterase supplementation and a tendency of improving dry matter intake and milk production with xylanase and cellulase enzyme
supplementation.
Apart from fibrolytic enzymes there is evidence that exogenous proteolytic
enzyme could increase the total tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter,
acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber with larger increases in digestibility
of cows though the feeding of proteolytic enzyme unexpectedly decreased feed
intake of cows. As a result, milk production was suppressed, nevertheless, dairy
efficiency, expressed as milk/dry matter intake, was increased. Supplemented proteolytic enzyme enhanced some milk composition factors such as milk fat and milk
lactose percentages but decreased milk protein percentage (Eun and
Beauchemin 2005).
In a study conducted by Gado et al. (2009), they found that addition of enzymes
increased rumen microbial N synthesis. Intake of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) was positively influenced by supplementation, and digestibility of all
nutrients was higher in the total tract of supplemented cows, although the magnitude of the improvement varied among nutrients, with the highest improvement in
neutral detergent fiber (aNDFom) and acid detergent fiber(ADFom) (418–584 and
401–532 g/kg respectively) than the other nutrients. Supplementation of enzymes
also increased rumen ammonia N and total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations, and individual SCFA proportions were also altered with an increase in acetate
(61.0–64.8 mol/100 mol) before feeding, and acetate and propionate increased 3 h
post-feeding (60.0–64.0 and 18.3–20.8 mol/100 mol respectively).
Exogenous Enzymes