321
gave the maximum values of α, β and γ amylases activity on medium supplemented
with 2% potato starchy waste after 30, 30, and 36 h of fermentation periods at 50 °C
using shake flasks technique as a batch culture. These values were 155.2 U mL
−1
,
1.0 U mL
−1
and 2.4 U mL
−1
, respectively. It could be stated that productive medium
supplemented with 2% potato starchy waste as a low price substrate could be more
favorable than basal medium containing 1% starch for amylases production in submerged fermentation, as it increased α, β and γ amylase activity by 1.98, 7.69 and
12-fold than that produced in basal medium (control), respectively (Abd-Elhalem
et al. 2015).
Residues of wheat processing were used as substrate for amylase production.
The medium was supplemented (in g L
−1
) of: peptone 24; urea 1.9; glycerol 1.5;
KH 2 PO 4 0.6 MgSO4 0.5; (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 0.25 and distilled water. The initial pH was 5.0,
and the medium was inoculated with 1.10
6
spores mL
−1
of a spore suspension from
Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 695. Submerged fermentation was carried out in a rotary
shaker (150 rpm) at 30 °C for 96 h (Kammoun et al. 2008). In another study
Ramachandran et al. (2004) investigated the production of α-amylases under solidstate fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus oryzae using coconut oil cake (a by-product
obtained after oil extraction from dried copra) as substrate. It contains starch, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, lipids and trace amounts of nitrogen. They achieved
3388 U gds
−1
when coconut oil cake was supplemented by 1% of peptone in 72 h of
fermentation at 30 °C, carried out with 2 mL spore suspension (6.108 spores mL
−1
)
with the initial moisture content of 66%.
Anto et al. (2006) analyzed starch content of the raw materials and correlated it
with the glucoamylase production under solid-state fermentation. Wheat bran
(75.6% of starch content) and coarse waste (71.1% of starch content) presented
highest glucoamylase production (264 U gds
−1
and 211.5 U gds
−1
respectively)
compared to the enzyme production with rice powder (55.8%), medium waste
(48.6%) and fine waste (34.2%). Higher enzyme production using wheat bran and
coarse waste can be correlated with their starch content. The production media contained solid substrate and mineral solution (1:2 m/v), pH 7.0, inoculate with 106
spores mL
−1
collected from 72 h grown culture of Aspergillus sp. HA-2.
Proteolytic Enzymes
Proteases are important industrial enzymes synthesized by different types of
microbes like fungi, bacteria and yeasts. Because of their rapid growth, less space
requirement for their cultivation, microbes serve as a preferred source of protease
enzymes (Anwar and Saleemuddin 2000). Microbial proteases represent one of the
largest classes of industrial enzymes, accounting for 40% of the total worldwide
sales of enzymes by value Santhi (2014). Bacillus sp. is one among the best protease
producers. Several Bacillus species involved in protease production are B. sterothermophilus, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. mojavensis, and B. subtilis (Anwar and
Saleemuddin 2000).
Exogenous Enzymes
gave the maximum values of α, β and γ amylases activity on medium supplemented
with 2% potato starchy waste after 30, 30, and 36 h of fermentation periods at 50 °C
using shake flasks technique as a batch culture. These values were 155.2 U mL
−1
,
1.0 U mL
−1
and 2.4 U mL
−1
, respectively. It could be stated that productive medium
supplemented with 2% potato starchy waste as a low price substrate could be more
favorable than basal medium containing 1% starch for amylases production in submerged fermentation, as it increased α, β and γ amylase activity by 1.98, 7.69 and
12-fold than that produced in basal medium (control), respectively (Abd-Elhalem
et al. 2015).
Residues of wheat processing were used as substrate for amylase production.
The medium was supplemented (in g L
−1
) of: peptone 24; urea 1.9; glycerol 1.5;
KH 2 PO 4 0.6 MgSO4 0.5; (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 0.25 and distilled water. The initial pH was 5.0,
and the medium was inoculated with 1.10
6
spores mL
−1
of a spore suspension from
Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 695. Submerged fermentation was carried out in a rotary
shaker (150 rpm) at 30 °C for 96 h (Kammoun et al. 2008). In another study
Ramachandran et al. (2004) investigated the production of α-amylases under solidstate fermentation (SSF) by Aspergillus oryzae using coconut oil cake (a by-product
obtained after oil extraction from dried copra) as substrate. It contains starch, soluble sugars, soluble proteins, lipids and trace amounts of nitrogen. They achieved
3388 U gds
−1
when coconut oil cake was supplemented by 1% of peptone in 72 h of
fermentation at 30 °C, carried out with 2 mL spore suspension (6.108 spores mL
−1
)
with the initial moisture content of 66%.
Anto et al. (2006) analyzed starch content of the raw materials and correlated it
with the glucoamylase production under solid-state fermentation. Wheat bran
(75.6% of starch content) and coarse waste (71.1% of starch content) presented
highest glucoamylase production (264 U gds
−1
and 211.5 U gds
−1
respectively)
compared to the enzyme production with rice powder (55.8%), medium waste
(48.6%) and fine waste (34.2%). Higher enzyme production using wheat bran and
coarse waste can be correlated with their starch content. The production media contained solid substrate and mineral solution (1:2 m/v), pH 7.0, inoculate with 106
spores mL
−1
collected from 72 h grown culture of Aspergillus sp. HA-2.
Proteolytic Enzymes
Proteases are important industrial enzymes synthesized by different types of
microbes like fungi, bacteria and yeasts. Because of their rapid growth, less space
requirement for their cultivation, microbes serve as a preferred source of protease
enzymes (Anwar and Saleemuddin 2000). Microbial proteases represent one of the
largest classes of industrial enzymes, accounting for 40% of the total worldwide
sales of enzymes by value Santhi (2014). Bacillus sp. is one among the best protease
producers. Several Bacillus species involved in protease production are B. sterothermophilus, B. cereus, B. megaterium, B. mojavensis, and B. subtilis (Anwar and
Saleemuddin 2000).
Exogenous Enzymes