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Safety of Bioactive Peptides
The safety of food protein-derived bioactive peptides has been of little concern
because typically, the body would hydrolyze food proteins into peptides (Wang
et al. 2005). Phelan et al. (2009) have reviewed the safety of milk-derived peptides.
Also, administration of casein hydrolysates having antihypertensive peptides in rats
for 4 weeks showed no detrimental effects (Anadon et al. 2010). Prehypertensive
and hypertensive human subjects too have displayed no adverse effects on serum
and urine parameters when given bioactive peptides-rich milk protein hydrolysates
(Boelsma and Kloek 2010; Germino et al. 2010). Although these studies suggest
that bioactive peptides from food proteins are generally safe, more rigorous toxicology studies in humans must be carried out before making any health claims. Also,
the production conditions like protein source, enzyme used must be of accepted
food grade (GRAS) to avoid any negative effects on the peptide safety and quality
(Bougle and Bouhallab 2017).
Future Trends
Bioactive peptides also including the ones derived from vegetable sources are not
commercially available in the market except for few products (Carrasco-Castilla
et al. 2012). Though few advances have been made in the production technologies
of the bioactive peptides, the production at industrial scale is similar to the
laboratory- scale because the processing steps including hydrolysis, separation and
purification are limited because of the lack of suitable technologies. The downstream processing of bioactive peptides involves high energy-consuming procedures that may include drying, disruption of cellular matrices and extraction of
bioactive peptides. Also different technologies are to be studied with respect to cost
and production relation (Hayes and Tiwari 2015). Recent reports regarding the use
of novel processing technology suggest its limited utilization that depends on number of factors including: (1) affordable optimization technologies for the protein/
peptide rich samples; (2) high cost and lack of sustainability associated with pretreatment and extraction process of proteins; (3) expensive isolation and downstream processing of potent peptide/protein isolates, hydrolysates and co-products;
(4) safety and health legislation (Hayes and Tiwari 2015). Bioactive peptides are
potent candidates for the new era of pharmaceutical products because of the
increased concern of side effects and the increased demand for natural products
(Danquah and Agyei 2012; Lemes et al. 2016). For last several decades, the production of bioactive peptides was mostly limited to animal sources of proteins, however, from last decade focus has been shifted to plant sources which may pave the
ways for the production of cost effective bioactive peptides since the source of production is cheap.
S. Maqsood et al.
Safety of Bioactive Peptides
The safety of food protein-derived bioactive peptides has been of little concern
because typically, the body would hydrolyze food proteins into peptides (Wang
et al. 2005). Phelan et al. (2009) have reviewed the safety of milk-derived peptides.
Also, administration of casein hydrolysates having antihypertensive peptides in rats
for 4 weeks showed no detrimental effects (Anadon et al. 2010). Prehypertensive
and hypertensive human subjects too have displayed no adverse effects on serum
and urine parameters when given bioactive peptides-rich milk protein hydrolysates
(Boelsma and Kloek 2010; Germino et al. 2010). Although these studies suggest
that bioactive peptides from food proteins are generally safe, more rigorous toxicology studies in humans must be carried out before making any health claims. Also,
the production conditions like protein source, enzyme used must be of accepted
food grade (GRAS) to avoid any negative effects on the peptide safety and quality
(Bougle and Bouhallab 2017).
Future Trends
Bioactive peptides also including the ones derived from vegetable sources are not
commercially available in the market except for few products (Carrasco-Castilla
et al. 2012). Though few advances have been made in the production technologies
of the bioactive peptides, the production at industrial scale is similar to the
laboratory- scale because the processing steps including hydrolysis, separation and
purification are limited because of the lack of suitable technologies. The downstream processing of bioactive peptides involves high energy-consuming procedures that may include drying, disruption of cellular matrices and extraction of
bioactive peptides. Also different technologies are to be studied with respect to cost
and production relation (Hayes and Tiwari 2015). Recent reports regarding the use
of novel processing technology suggest its limited utilization that depends on number of factors including: (1) affordable optimization technologies for the protein/
peptide rich samples; (2) high cost and lack of sustainability associated with pretreatment and extraction process of proteins; (3) expensive isolation and downstream processing of potent peptide/protein isolates, hydrolysates and co-products;
(4) safety and health legislation (Hayes and Tiwari 2015). Bioactive peptides are
potent candidates for the new era of pharmaceutical products because of the
increased concern of side effects and the increased demand for natural products
(Danquah and Agyei 2012; Lemes et al. 2016). For last several decades, the production of bioactive peptides was mostly limited to animal sources of proteins, however, from last decade focus has been shifted to plant sources which may pave the
ways for the production of cost effective bioactive peptides since the source of production is cheap.
S. Maqsood et al.