233
Plants
Proteins derived from plants are emerging as a significant food ingredient to be
exploited for the improvement of modern foods in the domain of processing technology, nutrition and health benefits (Duranti 2006). Among the plant sources,
legumes and cereals are considered as one of the main sources of bioactive peptides
because of their wider distribution in the market and as one of the main sources of
carbohydrates and amino acid in the diet. However, spices, alfalfa, seeds, pseudocereals and other common edible plants have also been investigated for their potential to be used as a source of bioactive peptides (Rizzello et al. 2016).
As far as plant-derived bioactive peptides are concerned, soy, potato, wheat germ
and corn enzymatic hydrolysates have been reported to have potent antioxidant
activities (Mine et al. 2010). Recently, peptides in hydrolysates of cocoa seeds were
shown to have antioxidant activities. However, the activity was evaluated in-vitro
only and peptides responsible for the activity were not identified. The antihypertensive peptides have been reported mostly in soy and its derivative products (Lee and
Hur 2017). However, other sources including wheat, rice, maize, wakame, sunflower, sesame, beans, broccoli, wheat and potatoes have now also been considered
as the potent sources of bioactive peptides (Dhaval et al. 2016; Visvanathan et al.
2016). Dipeptides with validated antihypertensive activity were recently quantified
and produced from different plant sources like rice, pea, wheat and soy and were
related with those of dairy proteins.
Opioid peptides from plant sources have been reported as well. The hydrolysates
of zein, hordein, gliadin, gluten and ribulose 1,5-biphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase have been reported to possess peptides with opioid activity, for example rubiscolin 6 (YPLDLF), a peptide obtained from spinach has shown ability to stimulate
food intake. Also peptides derived from α-gliadin (glaidinomorphin 7, YPQPQPF),
wheat gluten (GYYPT), soy β-conglycinin (soymorphin 5, YPFVV) and soybeans
(LPYPR & PGP) have recently been reported to exhibit opioid activities (Stefanucci
et al. 2018; Hettiarachchy 2012).
Reports of recent mineral-binding bioactive peptides in plant sources are limited
(Xie et al. 2015). Protein hydrolysates of soybean have been demonstrated to have
mineral binding capacity however identification of these peptides was not performed (Lv et al. 2008). There are less reported plant peptides with hypocholesterolemic activities, however, soy is the most investigated plant source and the activity
of peptides was owed to gene expression alterations (Ramdath et al. 2017; Lovati
et al. 2000; Li et al. 2007).
Bioactive Peptides Derived from Different Sources
Plants
Proteins derived from plants are emerging as a significant food ingredient to be
exploited for the improvement of modern foods in the domain of processing technology, nutrition and health benefits (Duranti 2006). Among the plant sources,
legumes and cereals are considered as one of the main sources of bioactive peptides
because of their wider distribution in the market and as one of the main sources of
carbohydrates and amino acid in the diet. However, spices, alfalfa, seeds, pseudocereals and other common edible plants have also been investigated for their potential to be used as a source of bioactive peptides (Rizzello et al. 2016).
As far as plant-derived bioactive peptides are concerned, soy, potato, wheat germ
and corn enzymatic hydrolysates have been reported to have potent antioxidant
activities (Mine et al. 2010). Recently, peptides in hydrolysates of cocoa seeds were
shown to have antioxidant activities. However, the activity was evaluated in-vitro
only and peptides responsible for the activity were not identified. The antihypertensive peptides have been reported mostly in soy and its derivative products (Lee and
Hur 2017). However, other sources including wheat, rice, maize, wakame, sunflower, sesame, beans, broccoli, wheat and potatoes have now also been considered
as the potent sources of bioactive peptides (Dhaval et al. 2016; Visvanathan et al.
2016). Dipeptides with validated antihypertensive activity were recently quantified
and produced from different plant sources like rice, pea, wheat and soy and were
related with those of dairy proteins.
Opioid peptides from plant sources have been reported as well. The hydrolysates
of zein, hordein, gliadin, gluten and ribulose 1,5-biphosphate oxygenase/carboxylase have been reported to possess peptides with opioid activity, for example rubiscolin 6 (YPLDLF), a peptide obtained from spinach has shown ability to stimulate
food intake. Also peptides derived from α-gliadin (glaidinomorphin 7, YPQPQPF),
wheat gluten (GYYPT), soy β-conglycinin (soymorphin 5, YPFVV) and soybeans
(LPYPR & PGP) have recently been reported to exhibit opioid activities (Stefanucci
et al. 2018; Hettiarachchy 2012).
Reports of recent mineral-binding bioactive peptides in plant sources are limited
(Xie et al. 2015). Protein hydrolysates of soybean have been demonstrated to have
mineral binding capacity however identification of these peptides was not performed (Lv et al. 2008). There are less reported plant peptides with hypocholesterolemic activities, however, soy is the most investigated plant source and the activity
of peptides was owed to gene expression alterations (Ramdath et al. 2017; Lovati
et al. 2000; Li et al. 2007).
Bioactive Peptides Derived from Different Sources