105
from Ganoderma lucidum has been evaluated and verified decreasing cell metabolism in human cervical carcinoma cells which was primarily based on activation of
the immune system with consequent action on the morphology, metabolism and
viability of the tumor cells (Wiater et al. 2012). Besides, Krizkova et al. (2002) also
observed that caboxymethylation of yeast β-glucan exhibits very high antioxidative
activity, as well as expressive antimutagenic effects.
Chemical Modification by Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is achieved by replacing a hydroxyl group on the monosaccharide
residues with a phosphate group. Compared to the unmodified molecule, the phosphorylated glucan has improved anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-proliferative
biological activities (Ye et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2014a, b; Huang
and Zhang 2011).
Phosphorylation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan from Lachnum sp. has been investigated
and was found significantly more efficient in inhibiting proliferation of murine sarcoma S-180 cells compared to parent unmodified-polysaccharide (Ye et al. 2013).
Similarly, phosphorylated (1→3)-β-D-glucan from Poria cocos exposed to S-180
sarcoma cells has been described and it has been observed that the derivatized polysaccharide with high molecular weights showed strong antitumor activity at low
concentrations compared to the parent (1→3)-β-D-glucan (Chen et al. 2009). In
vivo experiments showed that derivatization through phosphorylation of a
(1→4)-β-D-glucan from Rhizoma panacis japonici found that the glucan greatly
inhibited the proliferation of H-22 tumor cells (Chen et al. 2014a, b)
Similarly, phosphorylation also improved the solubility of a (1→3)-β-D-glucan
(Chen et al. 2009). According to the authors, the introduction of phosphate groups
improved the solubility of the molecule without changing the glucan structure and
conferred protection in a model of periodontitis induced by Escherichia coli in rats.
In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that (1→3)-β-D-glucan produced by
Poria cocos following phosphorylation improved the solubility of the molecule and
exhibited high degree of inhibition of Sarcoma 180 (S-180) tumor cells in a dosedependent manner (Huang and Zhang 2011).
Chemical Modification by Acetylation
Acetylation is a method of substituting hydroxyl groups with O-acetyl groups
(Popescu et al. 2012). This process has triggered much attention in different commercial sectors, however, there are few studies reporting these types of modifications in association with enhanced biological activity.
As there are few studies on acetylation of glucans, derivatization by acetylation
on other polysaccharides are recognized with respect to their biological activities.
Beta-Glucans
from Ganoderma lucidum has been evaluated and verified decreasing cell metabolism in human cervical carcinoma cells which was primarily based on activation of
the immune system with consequent action on the morphology, metabolism and
viability of the tumor cells (Wiater et al. 2012). Besides, Krizkova et al. (2002) also
observed that caboxymethylation of yeast β-glucan exhibits very high antioxidative
activity, as well as expressive antimutagenic effects.
Chemical Modification by Phosphorylation
Phosphorylation is achieved by replacing a hydroxyl group on the monosaccharide
residues with a phosphate group. Compared to the unmodified molecule, the phosphorylated glucan has improved anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, and anti-proliferative
biological activities (Ye et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2009; Chen et al. 2014a, b; Huang
and Zhang 2011).
Phosphorylation of (1→3)-β-D-glucan from Lachnum sp. has been investigated
and was found significantly more efficient in inhibiting proliferation of murine sarcoma S-180 cells compared to parent unmodified-polysaccharide (Ye et al. 2013).
Similarly, phosphorylated (1→3)-β-D-glucan from Poria cocos exposed to S-180
sarcoma cells has been described and it has been observed that the derivatized polysaccharide with high molecular weights showed strong antitumor activity at low
concentrations compared to the parent (1→3)-β-D-glucan (Chen et al. 2009). In
vivo experiments showed that derivatization through phosphorylation of a
(1→4)-β-D-glucan from Rhizoma panacis japonici found that the glucan greatly
inhibited the proliferation of H-22 tumor cells (Chen et al. 2014a, b)
Similarly, phosphorylation also improved the solubility of a (1→3)-β-D-glucan
(Chen et al. 2009). According to the authors, the introduction of phosphate groups
improved the solubility of the molecule without changing the glucan structure and
conferred protection in a model of periodontitis induced by Escherichia coli in rats.
In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that (1→3)-β-D-glucan produced by
Poria cocos following phosphorylation improved the solubility of the molecule and
exhibited high degree of inhibition of Sarcoma 180 (S-180) tumor cells in a dosedependent manner (Huang and Zhang 2011).
Chemical Modification by Acetylation
Acetylation is a method of substituting hydroxyl groups with O-acetyl groups
(Popescu et al. 2012). This process has triggered much attention in different commercial sectors, however, there are few studies reporting these types of modifications in association with enhanced biological activity.
As there are few studies on acetylation of glucans, derivatization by acetylation
on other polysaccharides are recognized with respect to their biological activities.
Beta-Glucans