124
S. Nakanwagi
Damage—(The Vienna Convention)
43 ; Convention on Supplementary
Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC)
44 and several Protocols.
45
4.3.2 Environmental Protection
Nuclear activities raise severe social and environmental concerns, mainly
due to the ever-looming threat of radiation from atomic substances
and waste throughout the entire project lifecycle. The areas covered
include the transboundary ecological harm, protection of the marine
environment and environmental justice, among others, in line with
the principles of sustainable development.
46 Firstly, the Convention on
Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo
Convention)
47 obligates the contracting States to ensure the environmental impact assessment of nuclear activities during the early stages
of planning. Secondly, under the Convention for the Protection of
43 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna Convention), 1963. See
also the 1997 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage; 1999 Optional
Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes to the Vienna Convention
on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage; 2000 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for
Nuclear Damage; and Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes;
2002 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage; and the Optional Protocol
Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.
44 Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC), 2015, 5.
45 See the Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
(1997 Vienna Protocol); the Protocol to Amend the Paris Convention on Nuclear Third Party
Liability (2004 Protocol to the PC); Protocol to Amend the Brussels Supplementary Convention
on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (2004).
46 See Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common
Future (United Nations General Assembly [“Brundtland Report”)], 1987, p. 43), http://www.
un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf; The World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and Plan of Implementation, 2002, http://
www.un-documents.net/jburgdec.htm.
47 The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo
Convention), 1991. See OECD, ‘The Application of the Espoo Convention on Environmental
Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context to Nuclear Energy-Related Activities,’ October
2016, Nuclear Law Bulletin 97, pp. 63–69, Semi-annual ISSN: 16097378, https://doi.org/10.
1787/16097378; See also the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) of 1992.
S. Nakanwagi
Damage—(The Vienna Convention)
43 ; Convention on Supplementary
Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC)
44 and several Protocols.
45
4.3.2 Environmental Protection
Nuclear activities raise severe social and environmental concerns, mainly
due to the ever-looming threat of radiation from atomic substances
and waste throughout the entire project lifecycle. The areas covered
include the transboundary ecological harm, protection of the marine
environment and environmental justice, among others, in line with
the principles of sustainable development.
46 Firstly, the Convention on
Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo
Convention)
47 obligates the contracting States to ensure the environmental impact assessment of nuclear activities during the early stages
of planning. Secondly, under the Convention for the Protection of
43 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage (Vienna Convention), 1963. See
also the 1997 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage; 1999 Optional
Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes to the Vienna Convention
on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage; 2000 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for
Nuclear Damage; and Optional Protocol Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes;
2002 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage; and the Optional Protocol
Concerning the Compulsory Settlement of Disputes.
44 Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC), 2015, 5.
45 See the Protocol to Amend the Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage
(1997 Vienna Protocol); the Protocol to Amend the Paris Convention on Nuclear Third Party
Liability (2004 Protocol to the PC); Protocol to Amend the Brussels Supplementary Convention
on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy (2004).
46 See Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common
Future (United Nations General Assembly [“Brundtland Report”)], 1987, p. 43), http://www.
un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf; The World Summit on Sustainable Development,
Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and Plan of Implementation, 2002, http://
www.un-documents.net/jburgdec.htm.
47 The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo
Convention), 1991. See OECD, ‘The Application of the Espoo Convention on Environmental
Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context to Nuclear Energy-Related Activities,’ October
2016, Nuclear Law Bulletin 97, pp. 63–69, Semi-annual ISSN: 16097378, https://doi.org/10.
1787/16097378; See also the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the
North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention) of 1992.