200
S. D. Shnyder and C. W. Wright
23. Bierer DE, Dubenko LG, Zhang P, Lu Q, Imbach PA, Garofalo AW, Phuan P-W, Fort DM,
Litvac J, Gerber RE, Sloan B, Luo J, Cooper R, Reaven GM (1998) Antihyperglycaemic
activities of cryptolepine analogues: an ethnobotanical lead structure isolated from Cryptolepis
sanguinolenta. J Med Chem 41:2754
24. Ameyaw EO, Koffuor GA, Asare KK, Konja D, Du-bois A, Kyei S, Forkuo AD, Mensah RNAO
(2016) Cryptolepine, an indoloquinoline alkaloid, in the management of diabetic mellitus and
its associated complications. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 5:263
25. Olajide O, Heiss EH, Schachner D, Wright CW, Vollmar AM, Dirsch VM (2007) Synthetic
cryptolepine inhibits DNA binding of NF-κB. Bioorg Med Chem 15:43
26. Olajide OA, Ajayi AM, Wright CW (2009) Antiinflammatory properties of cryptolepine.
Phytother Res 23:1421
27. Olajide OA, Bhatia HS, de Oliveira ACP, Wright CW, Fiebich BL (2013) Antineuroinflammatory properties of synthetic cryptolepine in human neuroblastoma cells: possible
involvement of NF-κB and p38 MAPK inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 63:333
28. Olajide OA, Bhatia HS, de Oliveira ACP, Wright CW, Fiebich BL (2013) Inhibition of
neuroinflammation in LPS-activated microglia by cryptolepine. eCAM 459723
29. Cimanga KR, Malika BMF, Kambu KO, Tona LG, Vlietinck AJ, Pieters L (2018) Assessment
of acute and subacute toxicity of extracts and in vitro susceptibility of extracts and isolated
indoloquinoline alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter (Periplocaceae)
root bark to Entamoeba histolytica. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 7:183
30. Orozco D, Kounznetsov VV, Bermudez A, Vargas Mendez LY, Salgado ARM, Gomez CMM
(2020) Recent synthetic efforts in the preparation of 2-(3,4)-alkenyl (aryl) quinoline molecules
towards anti-kinetoplastid agents. RSC Adv 10:4876
31. Sengupta S, Chowdhury S, Bose Dasgupta S, Wright CW, Majumder HK (2011) Cryptolepineinduced cell-death of Leishmania donovani promastigotes is augmented by inhibition of
autophagy. Mol Biol Int 187850
32. Hazra S, Ghosh S, Debnath S, Seville S, Prajapati VK, Wright CW, Sundar S, Hazra
B (2012) Antileishmanial activity of cryptolepine analogues and apoptotic effects of 2,7dibromocryptolepine against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Parasitol Res 111:195
33. World Health Organisation (2019) World malaria report. www.who.int
34. Cheesman IH, Miller BA, Nair S, Nkhoma S, Tan A, Tan JC, Al Saai S, Phyo AP, Moo CL,
Lwin KM, McGready R, Ashley E, Imwong M, Stepniewska K, Yi P, Dondorp AM, Mayxay
M, Newton PN, White NJ, Nosten F, Ferdig MT, Anderson TJC (2012) A major genome region
underlying artemisinin resistance in malaria. Science 336:79
35. Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong
W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K (2009) Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum
malaria. N Engl J Med 361:455
36. Bugyei, KA, Boye GL Addy ME (2010) Cinical efficacy of a tea-bag formulation of Cryptolepis
sanguinolenta root in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ghana Med J
44:3
37. Mensah A, Kuntworbe N, Johnson R, Ofori-Kwakye K (2017) Qualitative and quantitative
assessment of Cryptolepis-based formulations within the Accra and Kumasi metropolis in
Ghana. JIPBS 4:58
38. Amissah JN, Osei-Safo D, Asare C M, Missah-Assihene B, Danquah, EY, Addae-Mensah I
(2016) Influence of age and staking on the growth and cryptolepine concentration in cultivated
roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlt. JMPR 10:113
39. Wright CW, Phillipson JD, Awe SO, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Quetin-Leclerq J Angenot L
(1996) Antimalarial activity of cryptolepine and some other anhydronium bases. Phytother Res
10:361
40. Wright CW, Addae-Kyereme J, Breen AG, Brown JE, Cox MF, Croft SL, Gökçek Y, Kendrick
H, Phillips RM, Pollet PL (2001) Synthesis and evaluation of cryptolepine analogues for their
potential as new antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 44:3187
41. Bonjean K, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Defresne MP, Colson P, Houssier C, Dassoneville L, Bailly
C, Greimers R, Wright C, Quetin-Leclercq J, Tits M, Angenot L (1998) The DNA intercalating
S. D. Shnyder and C. W. Wright
23. Bierer DE, Dubenko LG, Zhang P, Lu Q, Imbach PA, Garofalo AW, Phuan P-W, Fort DM,
Litvac J, Gerber RE, Sloan B, Luo J, Cooper R, Reaven GM (1998) Antihyperglycaemic
activities of cryptolepine analogues: an ethnobotanical lead structure isolated from Cryptolepis
sanguinolenta. J Med Chem 41:2754
24. Ameyaw EO, Koffuor GA, Asare KK, Konja D, Du-bois A, Kyei S, Forkuo AD, Mensah RNAO
(2016) Cryptolepine, an indoloquinoline alkaloid, in the management of diabetic mellitus and
its associated complications. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 5:263
25. Olajide O, Heiss EH, Schachner D, Wright CW, Vollmar AM, Dirsch VM (2007) Synthetic
cryptolepine inhibits DNA binding of NF-κB. Bioorg Med Chem 15:43
26. Olajide OA, Ajayi AM, Wright CW (2009) Antiinflammatory properties of cryptolepine.
Phytother Res 23:1421
27. Olajide OA, Bhatia HS, de Oliveira ACP, Wright CW, Fiebich BL (2013) Antineuroinflammatory properties of synthetic cryptolepine in human neuroblastoma cells: possible
involvement of NF-κB and p38 MAPK inhibition. Eur J Med Chem 63:333
28. Olajide OA, Bhatia HS, de Oliveira ACP, Wright CW, Fiebich BL (2013) Inhibition of
neuroinflammation in LPS-activated microglia by cryptolepine. eCAM 459723
29. Cimanga KR, Malika BMF, Kambu KO, Tona LG, Vlietinck AJ, Pieters L (2018) Assessment
of acute and subacute toxicity of extracts and in vitro susceptibility of extracts and isolated
indoloquinoline alkaloids from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter (Periplocaceae)
root bark to Entamoeba histolytica. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 7:183
30. Orozco D, Kounznetsov VV, Bermudez A, Vargas Mendez LY, Salgado ARM, Gomez CMM
(2020) Recent synthetic efforts in the preparation of 2-(3,4)-alkenyl (aryl) quinoline molecules
towards anti-kinetoplastid agents. RSC Adv 10:4876
31. Sengupta S, Chowdhury S, Bose Dasgupta S, Wright CW, Majumder HK (2011) Cryptolepineinduced cell-death of Leishmania donovani promastigotes is augmented by inhibition of
autophagy. Mol Biol Int 187850
32. Hazra S, Ghosh S, Debnath S, Seville S, Prajapati VK, Wright CW, Sundar S, Hazra
B (2012) Antileishmanial activity of cryptolepine analogues and apoptotic effects of 2,7dibromocryptolepine against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. Parasitol Res 111:195
33. World Health Organisation (2019) World malaria report. www.who.int
34. Cheesman IH, Miller BA, Nair S, Nkhoma S, Tan A, Tan JC, Al Saai S, Phyo AP, Moo CL,
Lwin KM, McGready R, Ashley E, Imwong M, Stepniewska K, Yi P, Dondorp AM, Mayxay
M, Newton PN, White NJ, Nosten F, Ferdig MT, Anderson TJC (2012) A major genome region
underlying artemisinin resistance in malaria. Science 336:79
35. Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Das D, Phyo AP, Tarning J, Lwin KM, Ariey F, Hanpithakpong
W, Lee SJ, Ringwald P, Silamut K (2009) Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum
malaria. N Engl J Med 361:455
36. Bugyei, KA, Boye GL Addy ME (2010) Cinical efficacy of a tea-bag formulation of Cryptolepis
sanguinolenta root in the treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Ghana Med J
44:3
37. Mensah A, Kuntworbe N, Johnson R, Ofori-Kwakye K (2017) Qualitative and quantitative
assessment of Cryptolepis-based formulations within the Accra and Kumasi metropolis in
Ghana. JIPBS 4:58
38. Amissah JN, Osei-Safo D, Asare C M, Missah-Assihene B, Danquah, EY, Addae-Mensah I
(2016) Influence of age and staking on the growth and cryptolepine concentration in cultivated
roots of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlt. JMPR 10:113
39. Wright CW, Phillipson JD, Awe SO, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Quetin-Leclerq J Angenot L
(1996) Antimalarial activity of cryptolepine and some other anhydronium bases. Phytother Res
10:361
40. Wright CW, Addae-Kyereme J, Breen AG, Brown JE, Cox MF, Croft SL, Gökçek Y, Kendrick
H, Phillips RM, Pollet PL (2001) Synthesis and evaluation of cryptolepine analogues for their
potential as new antimalarial agents. J Med Chem 44:3187
41. Bonjean K, De Pauw-Gillet MC, Defresne MP, Colson P, Houssier C, Dassoneville L, Bailly
C, Greimers R, Wright C, Quetin-Leclercq J, Tits M, Angenot L (1998) The DNA intercalating