102
S. B. Christensen et al.
19. Christensen SB, Andersen A, Smitt UW (1997) Sesquiterpenoids from Thapsia species and
medicinal chemistry of the thapsigargins. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 71:129
20. Martinez-Swatson K, Kjøller R, Cozzi F, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N, Barnes C (2020) Exploring
evolutionary theories of plant defence investment using field populations of the deadly carrot.
Ann Bot 125:737
21. Martinez-Swatson K, Quiñonero-López C, Ernst M, Rønsted N, Barnes CJ, Simonsen HT
(2020) Thapsigargins and induced chemical defence in Thapsia garganica. Chemoecology
30:255
22. Holub M, Samek Z, deGroote R, Herou, V, Sorm F (1973) On terpenes. CCXXVII. The
structure of the sesquiterpene triester lactone trilobolide. Collect Czech Chem Commun
38:1551
23. Christensen SB, Rasmussen U, Christophersen C (1980) Thapsigargin, constitution of a
sesquiterpene lactone histamine liberator from Thapsia garganica. Tetrahedron Lett 21:3829
24. Christensen SB, Norup E (1985) Absolute configuration of the histamine liberating sesquiterpene lactones thapsigargin and trilobolide. Tetrahedron Lett 26:107
25. Harmatha J, Budesinsky M, Vokac K, Kostecka P, Kmonickova E, Zidek Z (2013) Trilobolide
and related sesquiterpene lactones from Laser trilobum possessing immunobiological
properties. Fitoterapia 89C:157
26. Kmonickova E, Zidek Z, Harmatha J, Budesinsky M, Vokac K (2008) Immunostimulatory
activity of trilobolide and method of preparation thereof. WO 2009/010021 Al, 20080716,
2009
27. Smitt UW, Jäger AK, Adsersen A, Gudiksen L (1995) Comparative studies in phytochemistry
and fruit anatomy of Thapsia garganica and T. transtagana, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Bot J
Linn Soc 117:281
28. Christensen SB, Norup E, Rasmussen U, Madsen JO (1984) Structure of histamine releasing
guaianolides from Thapsia species. Phytochemistry 23:1659
29. Rasmussen U, Christensen SB, Sandberg F (1981) Phytochemistry of the genus Thapsia.
Planta Med 43:336
30. De Pascual TJ, Moran JR, Hernandez JM, Grande M (1985) Phenylpropanoids and other
derivatives from Thapsia villosa. Phytochemistry 24:2071
31. Holub M, Samek Z, DeGroote R, Herout V, Sorm F (1973) Terpenes CCXXVII. Structure of
the sesquiterpenic triester lactone trilobolide. Collect Czech Chem Commun 38:1551
32. Smitt UW, Christensen SB (1991) Nortrilobolide, a new potent guaianolide secretagogue from
Thapsia garganica. Planta Med 57:196
33. Norup E, Smitt UW, Christensen SB (1986) The potencies of thapsigargin and analogues as
activators of rat peritoneal mast cells. Planta Med 1986:251
34. Drew DP, Krichau N, Reichwald K, Simonsen T (2009) Guaianolides in Apiaceae:
perspectives on pharmacology and biosynthesis. Phytochem Rev 8:581
35. Simonsen HT, Weitzel C, Christensen SB (2013) Guaianolide sesquiterpenoids—their pharmacology and biosynthesis. In: Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM (eds) Handbook of natural
products. Springer, Berlin, p 3069
36. Pickel B, Drew DP, Manczak T, Weitzel C, Simonsen HT, Ro DK (2012) Identification
and characterization of a kunzeaol synthase from Thapsia garganica: implications for the
biosynthesis of the pharmaceutical thapsigargin. Biochem J 448:261
37. Drew DP, Dueholm B, Weitzel C, Zhang Y, Sensen CW, Simonsen HT (2013) Transcriptome
analysis of Thapsia laciniata Rouy provides insights into terpenoid biosynthesis and diversity
in Apiaceae. Int J Mol Sci 14:9080
38. Andersen TB, Martinez-Swatson KA, Rasmussen SA, Boughton BA, Jørgensen K, AndersenRanberg J, Nyberg N, Christensen SB, Simonsen HT (2017) Localization and in-vivo characterization of Thapsia garganica CYP76AE2 indicates a role in thapsigargin biosynthesis.
Plant Phys 174:56
39. Fischer NH, Olivier EJ, Fischer HD (1979) The biogenesis and chemistry of sesquiterpene
lactones. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 38:47
S. B. Christensen et al.
19. Christensen SB, Andersen A, Smitt UW (1997) Sesquiterpenoids from Thapsia species and
medicinal chemistry of the thapsigargins. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 71:129
20. Martinez-Swatson K, Kjøller R, Cozzi F, Simonsen HT, Rønsted N, Barnes C (2020) Exploring
evolutionary theories of plant defence investment using field populations of the deadly carrot.
Ann Bot 125:737
21. Martinez-Swatson K, Quiñonero-López C, Ernst M, Rønsted N, Barnes CJ, Simonsen HT
(2020) Thapsigargins and induced chemical defence in Thapsia garganica. Chemoecology
30:255
22. Holub M, Samek Z, deGroote R, Herou, V, Sorm F (1973) On terpenes. CCXXVII. The
structure of the sesquiterpene triester lactone trilobolide. Collect Czech Chem Commun
38:1551
23. Christensen SB, Rasmussen U, Christophersen C (1980) Thapsigargin, constitution of a
sesquiterpene lactone histamine liberator from Thapsia garganica. Tetrahedron Lett 21:3829
24. Christensen SB, Norup E (1985) Absolute configuration of the histamine liberating sesquiterpene lactones thapsigargin and trilobolide. Tetrahedron Lett 26:107
25. Harmatha J, Budesinsky M, Vokac K, Kostecka P, Kmonickova E, Zidek Z (2013) Trilobolide
and related sesquiterpene lactones from Laser trilobum possessing immunobiological
properties. Fitoterapia 89C:157
26. Kmonickova E, Zidek Z, Harmatha J, Budesinsky M, Vokac K (2008) Immunostimulatory
activity of trilobolide and method of preparation thereof. WO 2009/010021 Al, 20080716,
2009
27. Smitt UW, Jäger AK, Adsersen A, Gudiksen L (1995) Comparative studies in phytochemistry
and fruit anatomy of Thapsia garganica and T. transtagana, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae). Bot J
Linn Soc 117:281
28. Christensen SB, Norup E, Rasmussen U, Madsen JO (1984) Structure of histamine releasing
guaianolides from Thapsia species. Phytochemistry 23:1659
29. Rasmussen U, Christensen SB, Sandberg F (1981) Phytochemistry of the genus Thapsia.
Planta Med 43:336
30. De Pascual TJ, Moran JR, Hernandez JM, Grande M (1985) Phenylpropanoids and other
derivatives from Thapsia villosa. Phytochemistry 24:2071
31. Holub M, Samek Z, DeGroote R, Herout V, Sorm F (1973) Terpenes CCXXVII. Structure of
the sesquiterpenic triester lactone trilobolide. Collect Czech Chem Commun 38:1551
32. Smitt UW, Christensen SB (1991) Nortrilobolide, a new potent guaianolide secretagogue from
Thapsia garganica. Planta Med 57:196
33. Norup E, Smitt UW, Christensen SB (1986) The potencies of thapsigargin and analogues as
activators of rat peritoneal mast cells. Planta Med 1986:251
34. Drew DP, Krichau N, Reichwald K, Simonsen T (2009) Guaianolides in Apiaceae:
perspectives on pharmacology and biosynthesis. Phytochem Rev 8:581
35. Simonsen HT, Weitzel C, Christensen SB (2013) Guaianolide sesquiterpenoids—their pharmacology and biosynthesis. In: Ramawat KG, Mérillon JM (eds) Handbook of natural
products. Springer, Berlin, p 3069
36. Pickel B, Drew DP, Manczak T, Weitzel C, Simonsen HT, Ro DK (2012) Identification
and characterization of a kunzeaol synthase from Thapsia garganica: implications for the
biosynthesis of the pharmaceutical thapsigargin. Biochem J 448:261
37. Drew DP, Dueholm B, Weitzel C, Zhang Y, Sensen CW, Simonsen HT (2013) Transcriptome
analysis of Thapsia laciniata Rouy provides insights into terpenoid biosynthesis and diversity
in Apiaceae. Int J Mol Sci 14:9080
38. Andersen TB, Martinez-Swatson KA, Rasmussen SA, Boughton BA, Jørgensen K, AndersenRanberg J, Nyberg N, Christensen SB, Simonsen HT (2017) Localization and in-vivo characterization of Thapsia garganica CYP76AE2 indicates a role in thapsigargin biosynthesis.
Plant Phys 174:56
39. Fischer NH, Olivier EJ, Fischer HD (1979) The biogenesis and chemistry of sesquiterpene
lactones. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod 38:47