the extruded solution flow can be unsteady during the process
start-up, it is necessary to keep the flow rate at a value higher
than the optimized one until a homogenous solution filament
continuously flowing to the bottom of the beaker is observed.
14. If small solidified polymeric filament fragments or particles
attached to the needle tip are formed, remove them with the
help of a spatula or a needle before starting the process since
they can compromise the fiber deposition process.
15. The reported fabrication studies were optimized in a climatized
room at a temperature of 23/24
C. If the temperature is not
controlled, particularly if it is too low, inhomogeneous extrusion as well as sample detachment from the glass surface can
occur. In such a case, the use of a local heating source (e.g., an
infrared lamp) is recommended to keep the local temperature
and humidity conditions at constant values.
16. Be sure that at the end of the deposition process, the extruding
needle will stop a few mm away the deposition area (whether it
is possible, through a proper G-code file writing). This will
assure that no further material is deposited onto the fabricated
sample compromising its morphology.
17. Change the coagulation bath with fresh ethanol whenever it
appears cloudy. Depending on the thickness of your sample,
replace the non-solvent volume every one to four samples. If
some polymer residues are present on the bottom of the beaker, be sure to remove them and carefully clean the beaker if
necessary.
18. In some cases, it could be necessary to keep the sample into the
coagulation bath (for, e.g., 30 min) before collecting it, to
allow it to undergo complete solidification.
References
1. Giannitelli SM, Mozetic P, Trombetta M,
Rainer A (2015) Combined additive
manufacturing approaches in tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 24:1–11
2. Puppi D, Zhang X, Yang L, Chiellini F, Sun X,
Chiellini E (2014) Nano/microfibrous polymeric constructs loaded with bioactive agents
and designed for tissue engineering applications: a review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl
Biomater 102(7):1562–1579
3. Puppi D, Chiellini F (2017) Wet-spinning of
biomedical polymers: from single fibers production to additive manufacturing of 3D scaffolds. Polym Int 66(12):1690–1696
4. Puppi D, Mota C, Gazzarri M, Dinucci D,
Gloria A, Myrzabekova M, Ambrosio L, Chiellini F (2012) Additive manufacturing of
wet-spun polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue
engineering. Biomed Microdevices 14
(6):1115–1127
5. Puppi D, Migone C, Grassi L, Pirosa A,
Maisetta G, Batoni G, Chiellini F (2016)
Integrated three-dimensional fiber/hydrogel
biphasic scaffolds for periodontal bone tissue
engineering. Polym Int 65(6):631–640
6. Mota C, Puppi D, Dinucci D, Gazzarri M,
Chiellini F (2013) Additive manufacturing of
star poly(ε-caprolactone) wet-spun scaffolds
for bone tissue engineering applications. J
Bioact Compat Polym 28(4):320–340
7. Puppi D, Piras AM, Pirosa A, Sandreschi S,
Chiellini F (2016) Levofloxacin-loaded star
poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds by additive
Computer-Aided Wet-Spinning
109
start-up, it is necessary to keep the flow rate at a value higher
than the optimized one until a homogenous solution filament
continuously flowing to the bottom of the beaker is observed.
14. If small solidified polymeric filament fragments or particles
attached to the needle tip are formed, remove them with the
help of a spatula or a needle before starting the process since
they can compromise the fiber deposition process.
15. The reported fabrication studies were optimized in a climatized
room at a temperature of 23/24
C. If the temperature is not
controlled, particularly if it is too low, inhomogeneous extrusion as well as sample detachment from the glass surface can
occur. In such a case, the use of a local heating source (e.g., an
infrared lamp) is recommended to keep the local temperature
and humidity conditions at constant values.
16. Be sure that at the end of the deposition process, the extruding
needle will stop a few mm away the deposition area (whether it
is possible, through a proper G-code file writing). This will
assure that no further material is deposited onto the fabricated
sample compromising its morphology.
17. Change the coagulation bath with fresh ethanol whenever it
appears cloudy. Depending on the thickness of your sample,
replace the non-solvent volume every one to four samples. If
some polymer residues are present on the bottom of the beaker, be sure to remove them and carefully clean the beaker if
necessary.
18. In some cases, it could be necessary to keep the sample into the
coagulation bath (for, e.g., 30 min) before collecting it, to
allow it to undergo complete solidification.
References
1. Giannitelli SM, Mozetic P, Trombetta M,
Rainer A (2015) Combined additive
manufacturing approaches in tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 24:1–11
2. Puppi D, Zhang X, Yang L, Chiellini F, Sun X,
Chiellini E (2014) Nano/microfibrous polymeric constructs loaded with bioactive agents
and designed for tissue engineering applications: a review. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl
Biomater 102(7):1562–1579
3. Puppi D, Chiellini F (2017) Wet-spinning of
biomedical polymers: from single fibers production to additive manufacturing of 3D scaffolds. Polym Int 66(12):1690–1696
4. Puppi D, Mota C, Gazzarri M, Dinucci D,
Gloria A, Myrzabekova M, Ambrosio L, Chiellini F (2012) Additive manufacturing of
wet-spun polymeric scaffolds for bone tissue
engineering. Biomed Microdevices 14
(6):1115–1127
5. Puppi D, Migone C, Grassi L, Pirosa A,
Maisetta G, Batoni G, Chiellini F (2016)
Integrated three-dimensional fiber/hydrogel
biphasic scaffolds for periodontal bone tissue
engineering. Polym Int 65(6):631–640
6. Mota C, Puppi D, Dinucci D, Gazzarri M,
Chiellini F (2013) Additive manufacturing of
star poly(ε-caprolactone) wet-spun scaffolds
for bone tissue engineering applications. J
Bioact Compat Polym 28(4):320–340
7. Puppi D, Piras AM, Pirosa A, Sandreschi S,
Chiellini F (2016) Levofloxacin-loaded star
poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds by additive
Computer-Aided Wet-Spinning
109