Femtosecond Laser Surface Micro- and Nanotexturing …
241
An extensive proliferation and spreading of MG 63 osteoblast-like cells cultured
on the treated Ti–35Nb–xZr alloy has been reported in [10]. In this research, Ti–
35Nb–xZr alloy was initially processed with femtosecond laser radiation with subsequent surface treatment using a potentiostat and a 1M H 3 PO 4 solution containing 0.8
wt% NaF with an applied cell voltage of 10 V for 2 h to produce nanotubes on the
alloy surface.
In the study [11], authors evaluate the biofilm formation by supragingival flora on
a laser micro-textured titanium surface using an in vitro oral microcosm model grown
using a bioreactor, and an in situ model based on intraoral trays. In vitro experiments
show the lowest biofilm formation, in particular, microorganisms cover the edges of
the laser-created pits, and minimal effect of the biofilm formation has been observed
inside the pits. The in situ results demonstrate that the laser treatment also reduces
the biofilm formation with a maximal effect when the surface is blasted orthogonally
by the laser beam. Thus, an accurate optimization of surface laser texturing could
promote effective prevention of the biofilm formation.
Authors of [12] successfully use the method of generation of highly regular LIPSS
(HR-LIPSS) [13] that combines micron-scale low-spatial-frequency LIPSS (LSFL)
with nanoscale roughness on the surfaces of the titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and zirconium (Zr) dental implants to improve the osteointegration processes. They emphasize
the strong dependence of cell proliferation on the topography and oxidation degree
of the surface in the absence of dependence of cell proliferation on the type of metal.
Recently, the zirconia implants have been suggested as an alternative to titanium ones. Dental ceramic, especially zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO 2 ), is an
excellent material for dental restoration, as it is characterized by high biocompatibility, wear resistance, high fracture toughness and high compression resistance,
excellent esthetic properties, etc. All mentioned advantages stimulate active study of
the processing of materials based on zirconia ceramics [14–16]. However, an ideal
treatment of the zirconia surface providing sufficient bond strength to minimize the
detachment of orthodontic holders from the zirconia surface is still being developed.
The ceramic surface treatment by femtosecond laser irradiation has been proposed as
an alternative in an attempt to improve adhesion of dental cements and orthodontic
holders [17–21].
The results reported in [22] concerning the study of zirconia implants of the same
geometry but with differences in the surface treatment have shown that the surface
treatment of zirconia dental implants by femtosecond laser increases implant stability
and bone-to-implant contact.
In [23], researchers studied the influence of four different techniques, including
femtosecond laser irradiation, on shear bond strength of metallic and ceramic brackets
to zirconia. The highest bond strength values of ceramic and metallic brackets to
zirconia were obtained for the combined process of sandblasting + femtosecond
laser treatment confirming the high effectiveness of ultra-short laser irradiation of
zirconia surface.
In the present research, we analyze the modification of the surfaces of zirconium
metal (Zr), Ti–Zr alloys, and zirconia ceramics under the influence of laser pulses
of femtosecond duration. Additional surface pre-treatment procedures have been
241
An extensive proliferation and spreading of MG 63 osteoblast-like cells cultured
on the treated Ti–35Nb–xZr alloy has been reported in [10]. In this research, Ti–
35Nb–xZr alloy was initially processed with femtosecond laser radiation with subsequent surface treatment using a potentiostat and a 1M H 3 PO 4 solution containing 0.8
wt% NaF with an applied cell voltage of 10 V for 2 h to produce nanotubes on the
alloy surface.
In the study [11], authors evaluate the biofilm formation by supragingival flora on
a laser micro-textured titanium surface using an in vitro oral microcosm model grown
using a bioreactor, and an in situ model based on intraoral trays. In vitro experiments
show the lowest biofilm formation, in particular, microorganisms cover the edges of
the laser-created pits, and minimal effect of the biofilm formation has been observed
inside the pits. The in situ results demonstrate that the laser treatment also reduces
the biofilm formation with a maximal effect when the surface is blasted orthogonally
by the laser beam. Thus, an accurate optimization of surface laser texturing could
promote effective prevention of the biofilm formation.
Authors of [12] successfully use the method of generation of highly regular LIPSS
(HR-LIPSS) [13] that combines micron-scale low-spatial-frequency LIPSS (LSFL)
with nanoscale roughness on the surfaces of the titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) and zirconium (Zr) dental implants to improve the osteointegration processes. They emphasize
the strong dependence of cell proliferation on the topography and oxidation degree
of the surface in the absence of dependence of cell proliferation on the type of metal.
Recently, the zirconia implants have been suggested as an alternative to titanium ones. Dental ceramic, especially zirconia (zirconium dioxide, ZrO 2 ), is an
excellent material for dental restoration, as it is characterized by high biocompatibility, wear resistance, high fracture toughness and high compression resistance,
excellent esthetic properties, etc. All mentioned advantages stimulate active study of
the processing of materials based on zirconia ceramics [14–16]. However, an ideal
treatment of the zirconia surface providing sufficient bond strength to minimize the
detachment of orthodontic holders from the zirconia surface is still being developed.
The ceramic surface treatment by femtosecond laser irradiation has been proposed as
an alternative in an attempt to improve adhesion of dental cements and orthodontic
holders [17–21].
The results reported in [22] concerning the study of zirconia implants of the same
geometry but with differences in the surface treatment have shown that the surface
treatment of zirconia dental implants by femtosecond laser increases implant stability
and bone-to-implant contact.
In [23], researchers studied the influence of four different techniques, including
femtosecond laser irradiation, on shear bond strength of metallic and ceramic brackets
to zirconia. The highest bond strength values of ceramic and metallic brackets to
zirconia were obtained for the combined process of sandblasting + femtosecond
laser treatment confirming the high effectiveness of ultra-short laser irradiation of
zirconia surface.
In the present research, we analyze the modification of the surfaces of zirconium
metal (Zr), Ti–Zr alloys, and zirconia ceramics under the influence of laser pulses
of femtosecond duration. Additional surface pre-treatment procedures have been