xvii
4 The Emergence of New Climatic Storms:
Global Perspective on the Application of Top-Down and
Bottom-Up Approaches to Address Climate Change
Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
The Youth Shall Lead Them: Greta Thunberg
and the Climate Action Strike Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Rise of Greta Thunberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Lessons in Youth Environmental Activism from the Past . . . . . . . . 63
Utilising SWOT Analysis in Assessing the Scope
of the Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Weaknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Reflection on the Youth Climate Strike Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
The Piloting of the Youth Employment and Entrepreneurship
Project (YEEP) in Sierra Leone, West Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Youth and the Implementation of the YEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
SWOT Analysis on the Piloting of YSDEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Reflection on the Overall YEEP Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Reflection of Emerging Issues: Institutional Corruption . . . . . . 74
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5 The Calm After the Storm: Island Perspective
on the Application of Top-Down and Bottom-Up
Approaches to Address Climate Change Adaptation . . . . . . . . . 77
The Top-Down Approach to Creating Paradise:
The Tobago Cays Marine Park (TCMP) Marine
Livelihoods Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The Objective of the Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Empowerment Through Capacity Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
The JEMS Bottom-Up Approach to Capacity Building
for the Youth to Adapt to Climate Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Overall Aim of the Participatory Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Capacity-Building Training for Youth Leaders on CCA . . . . . . . 81
The Capacity Building on CCA at Community Level . . . . . . . . 82
The National Capacity-Building Training Workshops . . . . . . . . 82
Strategies Used for Delivering Capacity-Building Training . . . . 82
The Effectiveness of the Capacity- Building Training . . . . . . . . . 83
Issues Arising from the Training and Strategies
Implemented to Resolve Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Suitability of the Workshop Programme
as a Youth Empowerment Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Community Engagement in Climate Change Adaptation . . . . . . . . 84
The Effectiveness of the Community Engagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Outcomes of the JEMS Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Lesson Learned from the JEMS Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Reflection of the JEMS Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Strengths of the JEMS Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Contents