16 Interactions Between Carbon-Based Nanostructures and Biomembranes. . .
285
16.4 Conclusions
We have performed a series of computer experiments on nanoindentation process.
The pure CNTs, heterogeneous silicon-carbide nanotube, and graphene sheet were
used to deeply examine the indentation process. Our simulations show that the
larger diameter of CNT means higher force required to pierce the membrane.
The membrane also experienced larger deflection when (12, 12) CNT was used.
The capped CNT is less invasive comparing to open-ended. Heterogeneous SiCNT
requires smaller force to pierce the membrane comparing to its homogeneous carbon
counterpart. The nature of nanoindentation with graphene sheet is somehow similar
to indentation with nanotubes because the shapes of force are congruous. The
average force required to pull CNT out of the membrane is smaller than in case
of indentation, and effective self-sealing process of the bilayer occurs.
Our findings might contribute to the quest for effective drug delivery into the
interior of the mammals cells and can be helpful in future real-life experiments.
Acknowledgment Calculations were performed at ICM University of Warsaw, Grant No. G53-6.
References
1. Alberts B (2008) Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, New York [etc.]
2. Nelson DL, Cox MM, Lehninger AL (2013) Lehninger principles of biochemistry. W.H.
Freeman, New York
3. Sperelakis N (2012) Cell physiology sourcebook essentials of membrane biophysics. Elsevier/AP, Amsterdam; Boston
4. Obataya I, Nakamura C, Han S, Nakamura N, Miyake J (2005) Nanoscale operation of
a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle. Nano Lett 5:27–30.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0485399
5. Gagner J, Johnson H, Watkins E, Li Q, Terrones M, Majewski J (2006) Carbon
nanotube supported single phospholipid bilayer. Langmuir 22:10909–10911.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la062038g
6. Porter AE, Gass M, Bendall JS, Muller K, Goode A, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M
(2009) Uptake of noncytotoxic acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes into the cytoplasm
of human macrophage cells. ACS Nano 3:1485–1492. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900416z
7. Raffa V, Ciofani G, Nitodas S, Karachalios T, D’Alessandro D, Masini M, Cuschieri A (2008)
Can the properties of carbon nanotubes influence their internalization by living cells? Carbon
46:1600–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.053
8. Ali-Boucetta H, Kostarelos K (2013) Carbon nanotubes in medicine & biology — therapy and
diagnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:1897–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.002
9. Debouzy JC, Crouzier D, Flahaut E (2010) Hydrophobic double walled carbon nanotubes
interaction with phopholipidic model membranes: 1H-, 2H-, 31P NMR and ESR study. Environ
Toxicol Pharmacol 30:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.05.002
10. Wong BS, Yoong SL, Jagusiak A, Panczyk T, Ho HK, Ang WH, Pastorin G (2013)
Carbon nanotubes for delivery of small molecule drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:1964–2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.005
11. Luo X, Matranga C, Tan S, Alba N, Cui XT (2011) Carbon nanotube nanoreservior
for controlled release of anti-inflammatory dexamethasone. Biomaterials 32:6316–6323.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.020
285
16.4 Conclusions
We have performed a series of computer experiments on nanoindentation process.
The pure CNTs, heterogeneous silicon-carbide nanotube, and graphene sheet were
used to deeply examine the indentation process. Our simulations show that the
larger diameter of CNT means higher force required to pierce the membrane.
The membrane also experienced larger deflection when (12, 12) CNT was used.
The capped CNT is less invasive comparing to open-ended. Heterogeneous SiCNT
requires smaller force to pierce the membrane comparing to its homogeneous carbon
counterpart. The nature of nanoindentation with graphene sheet is somehow similar
to indentation with nanotubes because the shapes of force are congruous. The
average force required to pull CNT out of the membrane is smaller than in case
of indentation, and effective self-sealing process of the bilayer occurs.
Our findings might contribute to the quest for effective drug delivery into the
interior of the mammals cells and can be helpful in future real-life experiments.
Acknowledgment Calculations were performed at ICM University of Warsaw, Grant No. G53-6.
References
1. Alberts B (2008) Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, New York [etc.]
2. Nelson DL, Cox MM, Lehninger AL (2013) Lehninger principles of biochemistry. W.H.
Freeman, New York
3. Sperelakis N (2012) Cell physiology sourcebook essentials of membrane biophysics. Elsevier/AP, Amsterdam; Boston
4. Obataya I, Nakamura C, Han S, Nakamura N, Miyake J (2005) Nanoscale operation of
a living cell using an atomic force microscope with a nanoneedle. Nano Lett 5:27–30.
https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0485399
5. Gagner J, Johnson H, Watkins E, Li Q, Terrones M, Majewski J (2006) Carbon
nanotube supported single phospholipid bilayer. Langmuir 22:10909–10911.
https://doi.org/10.1021/la062038g
6. Porter AE, Gass M, Bendall JS, Muller K, Goode A, Skepper JN, Midgley PA, Welland M
(2009) Uptake of noncytotoxic acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes into the cytoplasm
of human macrophage cells. ACS Nano 3:1485–1492. https://doi.org/10.1021/nn900416z
7. Raffa V, Ciofani G, Nitodas S, Karachalios T, D’Alessandro D, Masini M, Cuschieri A (2008)
Can the properties of carbon nanotubes influence their internalization by living cells? Carbon
46:1600–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.053
8. Ali-Boucetta H, Kostarelos K (2013) Carbon nanotubes in medicine & biology — therapy and
diagnostics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:1897–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2013.11.002
9. Debouzy JC, Crouzier D, Flahaut E (2010) Hydrophobic double walled carbon nanotubes
interaction with phopholipidic model membranes: 1H-, 2H-, 31P NMR and ESR study. Environ
Toxicol Pharmacol 30:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2010.05.002
10. Wong BS, Yoong SL, Jagusiak A, Panczyk T, Ho HK, Ang WH, Pastorin G (2013)
Carbon nanotubes for delivery of small molecule drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 65:1964–2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2013.08.005
11. Luo X, Matranga C, Tan S, Alba N, Cui XT (2011) Carbon nanotube nanoreservior
for controlled release of anti-inflammatory dexamethasone. Biomaterials 32:6316–6323.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.020