13 Nanostructural and Nanochemical Processes in Peloid Sediments Aided. . .
225
As we can see from some shown process and reaction schemes, there are
chemically and microbiologically formed nanoclusters and nanoparticles of silicon
and iron hydroxides, and aluminum silicates involved in interfacial nanochemical
contact interactions [27, 28]. Iron compounds have the general role in those
processes, and it is confirmed by data in Fig. 13.3 and Table 13.1. Besides,
nanocluster structural interactions between separate microparticles according to
Scheme (13.3) are conditioned by -O-Fe-O-Fe-O- bonds, which do not fully
correspond to the character of shear stress curve for peloid dispersion [28], shown
also in Fig. 13.3. Thus, according to the data received, if exposure of dispersion
with biogeocenosis presence increases, then the quantity of reduced iron would
increase, and shear stress of dispersion would increase too. It indicates on presence
of formal dispersion nanostructurization by Scheme (13.3). But more detailed
investigation [28] has shown that concurrent to reduction processes of unstable
Fe(OH) 2 and GR nanostructure formation, are the simultaneous processes of their
microbiological and chemical oxidation occur into goethite at the cost of air
oxygen with following contact interactions by Scheme (13.4). According to this
scheme, the quantity of iron–oxygen bonds increases 1.5 times if compared to the
Scheme (13.3), pointing to the higher strength and stability of interfacial contact
nanoctructured bonds in systems of IOHSS type, which include Fe 3+ compounds.
At the same time, bonds formed by Scheme (13.3) are intermediate and less
strong. They are less stable, because such structures are liable to transformation
due to oxidation processes, and it weakens contact interactions, i.e., decreases shear
stress. That is why the nanogoethite only participates in contact nanostructured
interfacial processes between separate mineral colloid and microparticles of PS
on final stage of biocolloid interactions. Except for biogeocenosis influence on
complex biocolloid processes in IOHSS and peloid sediments, physicomechanical
nanostructuration processes play important role in those processes. The latter ones
associate with chemicomineralogical composition of PS clay components (Fig.
13.1), their sorption (Fig. 13.2) and rheological properties (Figs. 13.4, 13.5, 13.6,
13.7, 13.8, and 13.9), which are substantially dependent on moisture mass fraction in
composition of the dispersion. Peloid sediment composition includes clay minerals
like kaolinite, hydromica, and montmorillonite as a part of bentonite and glauconite
(Figs. 13.1 and 13.10). Montmorillonite is most capable of nanoparticle formation,
where nanoparticles are being placed in contact zones between colloid particles
(Fig. 13.10d). Hydromica demonstrates same character but with bigger nanoparticle
sizes (Fig. 13.10f). Small colloid particles of glauconite compose aggregates of
nanoparticles and surface of bigger ones are usually partly covered with small
nanoparticles (Fig. 13.10e). Similar structuration character with clay particles are
being observed in the Black (Fig. 13.10a) and Azov (Fig. 13.10c) Sea peloid
sediments.
Kuyalnik estuary peloid sediment in its composition has aggregates of clay
mineral nanoparticles of 30–100 nm sizes, which are firmly connected by phase
[27] contacts (Fig. 13.10b). The above results are also proved by adsorption
data (Fig. 13.2), where distant samples of the Black Sea peloids have relative
structural-sorption properties. Thus, for example, they have effective pore radius
225
As we can see from some shown process and reaction schemes, there are
chemically and microbiologically formed nanoclusters and nanoparticles of silicon
and iron hydroxides, and aluminum silicates involved in interfacial nanochemical
contact interactions [27, 28]. Iron compounds have the general role in those
processes, and it is confirmed by data in Fig. 13.3 and Table 13.1. Besides,
nanocluster structural interactions between separate microparticles according to
Scheme (13.3) are conditioned by -O-Fe-O-Fe-O- bonds, which do not fully
correspond to the character of shear stress curve for peloid dispersion [28], shown
also in Fig. 13.3. Thus, according to the data received, if exposure of dispersion
with biogeocenosis presence increases, then the quantity of reduced iron would
increase, and shear stress of dispersion would increase too. It indicates on presence
of formal dispersion nanostructurization by Scheme (13.3). But more detailed
investigation [28] has shown that concurrent to reduction processes of unstable
Fe(OH) 2 and GR nanostructure formation, are the simultaneous processes of their
microbiological and chemical oxidation occur into goethite at the cost of air
oxygen with following contact interactions by Scheme (13.4). According to this
scheme, the quantity of iron–oxygen bonds increases 1.5 times if compared to the
Scheme (13.3), pointing to the higher strength and stability of interfacial contact
nanoctructured bonds in systems of IOHSS type, which include Fe 3+ compounds.
At the same time, bonds formed by Scheme (13.3) are intermediate and less
strong. They are less stable, because such structures are liable to transformation
due to oxidation processes, and it weakens contact interactions, i.e., decreases shear
stress. That is why the nanogoethite only participates in contact nanostructured
interfacial processes between separate mineral colloid and microparticles of PS
on final stage of biocolloid interactions. Except for biogeocenosis influence on
complex biocolloid processes in IOHSS and peloid sediments, physicomechanical
nanostructuration processes play important role in those processes. The latter ones
associate with chemicomineralogical composition of PS clay components (Fig.
13.1), their sorption (Fig. 13.2) and rheological properties (Figs. 13.4, 13.5, 13.6,
13.7, 13.8, and 13.9), which are substantially dependent on moisture mass fraction in
composition of the dispersion. Peloid sediment composition includes clay minerals
like kaolinite, hydromica, and montmorillonite as a part of bentonite and glauconite
(Figs. 13.1 and 13.10). Montmorillonite is most capable of nanoparticle formation,
where nanoparticles are being placed in contact zones between colloid particles
(Fig. 13.10d). Hydromica demonstrates same character but with bigger nanoparticle
sizes (Fig. 13.10f). Small colloid particles of glauconite compose aggregates of
nanoparticles and surface of bigger ones are usually partly covered with small
nanoparticles (Fig. 13.10e). Similar structuration character with clay particles are
being observed in the Black (Fig. 13.10a) and Azov (Fig. 13.10c) Sea peloid
sediments.
Kuyalnik estuary peloid sediment in its composition has aggregates of clay
mineral nanoparticles of 30–100 nm sizes, which are firmly connected by phase
[27] contacts (Fig. 13.10b). The above results are also proved by adsorption
data (Fig. 13.2), where distant samples of the Black Sea peloids have relative
structural-sorption properties. Thus, for example, they have effective pore radius