670
Bangladesh, most of the waste is not handled properly and thrown to open area or
discarded in drains. The disposal of organic wastes to the open dumpsites severely
affects the environmental, economic and social life. The expenditure towards managing the solid waste all over the world is expected to grow up to approx. US $375.5
billion by 2025 [2].
As per the report of the European Commission [3], ‘The bioeconomy encloses
the production of renewable biological resources and utilization of waste streams to
derive useful products, such as food, bio-based products and bioenergy’. A proper
utilization of waste is done by converting it into value-added products and its potential to replace fossil resources.
Annual municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is about 1.3 billion tonnes
worldwide and is projected to reach around 2.2 billion tonnes annually by 2025 [3].
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and food supply chain
waste (FSCW) has the potential of being converted to high-value-added compounds
by using extraction and recovery methods and to produce fuel and chemicals. The
extraction of high-value components from various FSCW has been achieved by
employing various physical, chemical and biochemical processes [3]. Various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, antioxidants, flavonoids, fibre and pectin are generally used as additives in food industries, in
pharmaceutical applications and for production of functional foods.
The concept of biorefinery can be used for shifting to the circular economy by
developing unified and multipurpose processes upon using biomass or waste to
derive useful products [4]. Biorefinery mainly focuses on the treatment of the biomass which includes organic residue, some energy-generating crops and aquatic
biomass using physical, chemical or mechanical means so that a variety of products
including phytochemicals and biofuels can be obtained. The sustainability of biorefinery encompasses the maximum use of biomass and minimum formation of
waste [5].
In the case of countries which are at the developing stage, the waste biorefinery
concept is very relevant for minimizing the economic investment and environmental
burden generated due to energy fulfilment need and current waste disposal techniques. Waste biorefinery concept has gained importance in such nations as a sustainable alternative to prevailing waste management options and to produce thermal
energy, electricity, fuel, valuable materials and chemicals for enabling the circular
economies.
There are three types of biorefineries:
Phase I biorefinery: Single feedstock is used to obtain major product by using single
process.
Phase II biorefinery: Single feedstock is utilized to obtain multiple major products
by using multiple processes.
Phase III biorefinery: Multiple feedstocks are utilized to obtain multiple major
products by using multiple processes.
Waste biorefinery approach includes the waste sources like municipal waste, animal waste, forestry waste, agricultural waste and industrial waste to generate
P. V. Ganorkar et al.
Bangladesh, most of the waste is not handled properly and thrown to open area or
discarded in drains. The disposal of organic wastes to the open dumpsites severely
affects the environmental, economic and social life. The expenditure towards managing the solid waste all over the world is expected to grow up to approx. US $375.5
billion by 2025 [2].
As per the report of the European Commission [3], ‘The bioeconomy encloses
the production of renewable biological resources and utilization of waste streams to
derive useful products, such as food, bio-based products and bioenergy’. A proper
utilization of waste is done by converting it into value-added products and its potential to replace fossil resources.
Annual municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is about 1.3 billion tonnes
worldwide and is projected to reach around 2.2 billion tonnes annually by 2025 [3].
The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) and food supply chain
waste (FSCW) has the potential of being converted to high-value-added compounds
by using extraction and recovery methods and to produce fuel and chemicals. The
extraction of high-value components from various FSCW has been achieved by
employing various physical, chemical and biochemical processes [3]. Various bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamins, antioxidants, flavonoids, fibre and pectin are generally used as additives in food industries, in
pharmaceutical applications and for production of functional foods.
The concept of biorefinery can be used for shifting to the circular economy by
developing unified and multipurpose processes upon using biomass or waste to
derive useful products [4]. Biorefinery mainly focuses on the treatment of the biomass which includes organic residue, some energy-generating crops and aquatic
biomass using physical, chemical or mechanical means so that a variety of products
including phytochemicals and biofuels can be obtained. The sustainability of biorefinery encompasses the maximum use of biomass and minimum formation of
waste [5].
In the case of countries which are at the developing stage, the waste biorefinery
concept is very relevant for minimizing the economic investment and environmental
burden generated due to energy fulfilment need and current waste disposal techniques. Waste biorefinery concept has gained importance in such nations as a sustainable alternative to prevailing waste management options and to produce thermal
energy, electricity, fuel, valuable materials and chemicals for enabling the circular
economies.
There are three types of biorefineries:
Phase I biorefinery: Single feedstock is used to obtain major product by using single
process.
Phase II biorefinery: Single feedstock is utilized to obtain multiple major products
by using multiple processes.
Phase III biorefinery: Multiple feedstocks are utilized to obtain multiple major
products by using multiple processes.
Waste biorefinery approach includes the waste sources like municipal waste, animal waste, forestry waste, agricultural waste and industrial waste to generate
P. V. Ganorkar et al.