308
2.2.3 Synthesis of 4,4-Diryl-Substituted Pentanoic Acid/Esters
from Levulinic Acid and Aromatics
Preparation of Diphenolic Acid
Bisphenol A (BPA), a popular plasticizer prepared from the acid-catalysed condensation of phenol and acetone (2:1 ratio), is a commercial polymer precursor, used
for thermoplastic polymers, polycarbonates and epoxy resins and is also used in the
making of paper currencies by several countries [80, 81]. Diphenolic acid (DPA), a
structural analogue and a potential alternate to BPA, is a lignocellulose-derived
a LA to aromatic molar ratio is 1:4 (LA (4.3 mmol), aromatics (17.2 mmol)), H-β (50 wt% w.r.t. LA),
150 °C for 12 h.
b conversion of LA,
c isolated yield of Agvls,
d 110 °C,
e 85 °C,
f
GC-MS conversion
and yield.
Table 2 Synthesis of Agvls from LA with various aromatics using H-β zeolite catalyst
a
a
LA to aromatic molar ratio is 1:4 (LA (4.3 mmol), aromatics (17.2 mmol)), H-β (50 wt%
w.r.t. LA), 150 °C for 12 h
b
Conversion of LA
c
Isolated yield of Agvls
d
110 °C
e
85 °C
f
GC-MS conversion and yield
S. Gundekari et al.