241
Biomass moisture content has a significant influence on the heat transfer process
and product distribution. High moisture content helps to increase the bio-oil yield,
which is a poor fuel that contains nearly 50% water and highly oxygenated products.
The overview of lignocellulosic feedstock-based biorefinery is shown in Fig. 3. As
can be seen, the biorefinery is analogous to petroleum refinery and can produce
multiple products ranging from chemicals to fuels.
In biomass processing, the three components are separated and processed separately. Typically, pretreatment steps to remove hemicellulose and lignin from biomass. Cellulose is deconstructed into glucose monomer and is the feedstock for
useful products, i.e., 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Xylan is the major
component (8–25%) representing hemicelluloses and used to produce furfural and
its derivatives [6]. Lignin is a major source of aromatic functionality and consists of
p-coumaryl alcohol monomer, coniferyl alcohol monomer, and sinapyl alcohol
monomer. Lignin is a source for high carbon and contains nearly 40% possible
energy of biomass.
1.3 Biomass Conversion Strategies
Biomass as a resource is complex and extremely varied in nature, and one or more
conversion steps are needed to convert it into a usable energy form. Biomass can be
used without being fractionated, such as combustion, but with low efficiency. For
efficient use, each lignocellulosic fraction needs to be isolated for processing, as
each one of them has a distinct structure. Typically, the following conversion
Xylooliogosaccharides
Arabinose
Acetic
Xylon
Furfural
Glyceraldehyde
Glycoaldehyde
Resins, chemical products
Natural binder and
Adhesives
Sub-bitumionus coal
Fertilizer, carbon
fibers, polyblends
Lignocellulosic biomass
Cellulose
(glucose polymer)
Lignin
(phenol polymer)
Hemicellulose
(hexoses, pentoses)
Cellulose
applications
Levulinic acid,
formic acid
Glucose
5-HMF,
Hydrochars
Erythtose +
Glycoaldehyde
Dihydroxy -
Acetone
Formic acid,
acetic acid
Lactic acid
Fig. 3 Representation of products from lignocellulose based biorefinery
Sustainability of the Catalytic Process for Biomass Conversion: Recent Trends and…
Biomass moisture content has a significant influence on the heat transfer process
and product distribution. High moisture content helps to increase the bio-oil yield,
which is a poor fuel that contains nearly 50% water and highly oxygenated products.
The overview of lignocellulosic feedstock-based biorefinery is shown in Fig. 3. As
can be seen, the biorefinery is analogous to petroleum refinery and can produce
multiple products ranging from chemicals to fuels.
In biomass processing, the three components are separated and processed separately. Typically, pretreatment steps to remove hemicellulose and lignin from biomass. Cellulose is deconstructed into glucose monomer and is the feedstock for
useful products, i.e., 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Xylan is the major
component (8–25%) representing hemicelluloses and used to produce furfural and
its derivatives [6]. Lignin is a major source of aromatic functionality and consists of
p-coumaryl alcohol monomer, coniferyl alcohol monomer, and sinapyl alcohol
monomer. Lignin is a source for high carbon and contains nearly 40% possible
energy of biomass.
1.3 Biomass Conversion Strategies
Biomass as a resource is complex and extremely varied in nature, and one or more
conversion steps are needed to convert it into a usable energy form. Biomass can be
used without being fractionated, such as combustion, but with low efficiency. For
efficient use, each lignocellulosic fraction needs to be isolated for processing, as
each one of them has a distinct structure. Typically, the following conversion
Xylooliogosaccharides
Arabinose
Acetic
Xylon
Furfural
Glyceraldehyde
Glycoaldehyde
Resins, chemical products
Natural binder and
Adhesives
Sub-bitumionus coal
Fertilizer, carbon
fibers, polyblends
Lignocellulosic biomass
Cellulose
(glucose polymer)
Lignin
(phenol polymer)
Hemicellulose
(hexoses, pentoses)
Cellulose
applications
Levulinic acid,
formic acid
Glucose
5-HMF,
Hydrochars
Erythtose +
Glycoaldehyde
Dihydroxy -
Acetone
Formic acid,
acetic acid
Lactic acid
Fig. 3 Representation of products from lignocellulose based biorefinery
Sustainability of the Catalytic Process for Biomass Conversion: Recent Trends and…