5
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), water vapour (H 2 O), methane (CH 4 )
and ozone (O 3 ) are the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [5]. These greenhouse gases trap the heat of emitted atmospheric radiation within the surfacetroposphere process. This fact is named “the effects of greenhouse” [5, 6]. The
evidence of ice core data and in situ measurements proved that the concentration of
greenhouse gases such as CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O has considerably increased during the
last centuries and caused an increment of global temperature [7].
To decrease the emission of greenhouse gases and hence decrease global temperatures, it is required to change the energy sources that are used by industries into
renewable and green sources. It has been reported by the International Energy
Agency that 60% of all greenhouse gas emissions and 69% of all CO 2 emissions are
correlated with energy [8]. Fossil fuel combustion for producing energy increases
the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is the primary source of pollution.
Today, the main location for production of crude oil is in the Middle East, with
about 32% of the world’s proven oil reserves [9]. Furthermore, Norway and the UK
are the first and second largest liquid producers in Europe, respectively [9]. Table 1
shows the top 10 producers of world crude oil. Therefore, development of renewable transport fuels (bio-oils) is an important topic to be discussed in order to reduce
pollution and enhance energy security for consumers of crude oil.
2 Renewable Resources
In 2018, it was reported by the Department of Energy and Climate Change in the
UK that one of the most profound sources of emissions of greenhouse gases is from
the transport sector. It was estimated that 33% of CO 2 emission was from the transport sector [10]. However, biofuels are non-toxic and biodegradable and can prevent
Table 1 Top 10 producers of world oil [9]
Producers
Energy
(Mtoe)
Total oil
(%)
Venezuela
144
3.3
Kuwait
160
3.7
United Arab Emirates
160
3.7
Iran
168
3.9
Iraq
175
4.0
China
215
5.0
Canada
221
5.1
Russia
533
12.3
United States
567
13.1
Saudi Arabia
572
13.2
Others
1416
32.7
World
4331
100
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…
Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), water vapour (H 2 O), methane (CH 4 )
and ozone (O 3 ) are the main greenhouse gases in the atmosphere [5]. These greenhouse gases trap the heat of emitted atmospheric radiation within the surfacetroposphere process. This fact is named “the effects of greenhouse” [5, 6]. The
evidence of ice core data and in situ measurements proved that the concentration of
greenhouse gases such as CH 4 , CO 2 and N 2 O has considerably increased during the
last centuries and caused an increment of global temperature [7].
To decrease the emission of greenhouse gases and hence decrease global temperatures, it is required to change the energy sources that are used by industries into
renewable and green sources. It has been reported by the International Energy
Agency that 60% of all greenhouse gas emissions and 69% of all CO 2 emissions are
correlated with energy [8]. Fossil fuel combustion for producing energy increases
the concentration of carbon dioxide, which is the primary source of pollution.
Today, the main location for production of crude oil is in the Middle East, with
about 32% of the world’s proven oil reserves [9]. Furthermore, Norway and the UK
are the first and second largest liquid producers in Europe, respectively [9]. Table 1
shows the top 10 producers of world crude oil. Therefore, development of renewable transport fuels (bio-oils) is an important topic to be discussed in order to reduce
pollution and enhance energy security for consumers of crude oil.
2 Renewable Resources
In 2018, it was reported by the Department of Energy and Climate Change in the
UK that one of the most profound sources of emissions of greenhouse gases is from
the transport sector. It was estimated that 33% of CO 2 emission was from the transport sector [10]. However, biofuels are non-toxic and biodegradable and can prevent
Table 1 Top 10 producers of world oil [9]
Producers
Energy
(Mtoe)
Total oil
(%)
Venezuela
144
3.3
Kuwait
160
3.7
United Arab Emirates
160
3.7
Iran
168
3.9
Iraq
175
4.0
China
215
5.0
Canada
221
5.1
Russia
533
12.3
United States
567
13.1
Saudi Arabia
572
13.2
Others
1416
32.7
World
4331
100
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…