3
N 2 O
Nitrous oxide
Na 2 CO 3 Sodium carbonate
NaOH
Sodium hydroxide
Ni
Nickel
NO
Nitric oxide
NO 2
Nitrogen dioxide
NO x
Nitrogen oxides
O
Atomic oxygen
O 2
Oxygen
O 3
Ozone
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OH
Hydroxyl radicals
OHS
Oat hulls
PAH
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PCB
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Pd
Palladium
PFD
Process flow diagram
PPM
Parts per million
Pt
Platinum
S
Seconds
SAPO
Silicoaluminophosphate
SB
Sugarcane bagasse
SBA
Santa Barbara Amorphous
SG
Second generation
SiO 2
Silica
SO 2
Sulphur dioxide
TCR
Thermo-catalytic reforming
TiO 2
Titanium dioxide
UK
United Kingdom
UO 2
Uranium dioxide
USA
United States of America
Zn
Zinc
ZrO 2
Zirconia
ZSM
Zeolite Socony Mobil
1 Introduction
One of the main segments of renewable resources is bioresources. The fossil fuelbased energy transition to sustainable alternatives to meet the growing need for
fuels, chemicals and energy is a significant challenge facing industrial growth. The
energy consumption of the world since the 1990s and also predicted demands for
future decades are shown in Fig. 1. This figure represents that the world’s energy
Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Upgrading of Bio-Products to Produce…