101
during the biotransformation to AA from Clostridium propionicum, the produced
AA reduced the growth of Clostridium propionicum and affected the yield.
In 2012, Luo group has systematically examined the toxic effects of AA on the
development of Clostridium propionicum; the group also tested many mutants to
grow at 43.06 mM concentration of AA [100]. To overcome the limitations of
Clostridium propionicum, Tong et al. reported a recombinant Escherichia coli strain
to prepare AA using glycerol as a renewable feedstock [101]. This recombinant
strain produced a small amount—37.7 mg L
−1
AA—under shaking flask conditions.
Ahmed et al. isolated Rhodococcus ruber AKSH-84 microorganisms from petroleum-contaminated sludge samples capable of performing biotransformation of
acrylonitrile to AA [102]. Under the optimized conditions, Rhodococcus ruber
AKSH-84 produced 92 mol.% AA. In 2015, Gnanadesikan and co-worker patented
a method for manufacturing AA, acrylonitrile, and 1,4-butanediol from
1,3- propanediol through microbial fermentation [103]. Cho et al. reported a novel
approach in which AA was produced (0.12 g L
−1
) from glucose via 3-HP, 3-HP-CoA,
and acryloyl-CoA pathways over Escherichia coli [92].
4 Methacrylic Acid
MAA and methyl methacrylate (MMA) are essential monomers for the production
of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which is used to manufacture various enduser products such as electronics, paints, and coatings to improve polyvinyl chloride
stiffness and artificial bone replacement parts. In 2018, the total available PMMA
market is estimated at ~ $7 billion and an anticipated market size of $11.65 billion
in 2022, representing a 17% growth [104]. This data estimates that a bio-based
PMMA will hold 24% of the total PMMA market. Presently, PMMA is produced
using multi-step chemical processes from fossil feedstocks that lead to high production costs and selling price of PMMA [105]. Bio-based PMAA, currently representing an estimated $951 million market size, is promising for the environment and in
terms of costs.
The majority of MAA is used to produce plastics, optical glasses, lenses, moldings, fibers, resins, and others. The copolymer of MAA is also an essential component found in surface coatings, paints, adhesives, and emulsion polymers [106]. The
properties of MAA-derived polymers include good mechanical strength, scratch
resistant, and outstanding optical properties. PMMA is lighter than glass and exhibits excellent toughness, rigidity, and transparency. The growing demand of lightweight parts in vehicles caused increased demand for PMMA in the automotive
sector. The pipe materials and vacuum insulation panels used in constructions are
made from PMMA. The growing construction activates in the Asia-Pacific posed an
increased demand for PMMA. The excellent transparent properties of PMMA have
boosted its consumption in the lighted signs for advertising and directions.
Bio-Catalytic Itaconic Acid and Bio-Based Vinyl Monomer Production Processes
during the biotransformation to AA from Clostridium propionicum, the produced
AA reduced the growth of Clostridium propionicum and affected the yield.
In 2012, Luo group has systematically examined the toxic effects of AA on the
development of Clostridium propionicum; the group also tested many mutants to
grow at 43.06 mM concentration of AA [100]. To overcome the limitations of
Clostridium propionicum, Tong et al. reported a recombinant Escherichia coli strain
to prepare AA using glycerol as a renewable feedstock [101]. This recombinant
strain produced a small amount—37.7 mg L
−1
AA—under shaking flask conditions.
Ahmed et al. isolated Rhodococcus ruber AKSH-84 microorganisms from petroleum-contaminated sludge samples capable of performing biotransformation of
acrylonitrile to AA [102]. Under the optimized conditions, Rhodococcus ruber
AKSH-84 produced 92 mol.% AA. In 2015, Gnanadesikan and co-worker patented
a method for manufacturing AA, acrylonitrile, and 1,4-butanediol from
1,3- propanediol through microbial fermentation [103]. Cho et al. reported a novel
approach in which AA was produced (0.12 g L
−1
) from glucose via 3-HP, 3-HP-CoA,
and acryloyl-CoA pathways over Escherichia coli [92].
4 Methacrylic Acid
MAA and methyl methacrylate (MMA) are essential monomers for the production
of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which is used to manufacture various enduser products such as electronics, paints, and coatings to improve polyvinyl chloride
stiffness and artificial bone replacement parts. In 2018, the total available PMMA
market is estimated at ~ $7 billion and an anticipated market size of $11.65 billion
in 2022, representing a 17% growth [104]. This data estimates that a bio-based
PMMA will hold 24% of the total PMMA market. Presently, PMMA is produced
using multi-step chemical processes from fossil feedstocks that lead to high production costs and selling price of PMMA [105]. Bio-based PMAA, currently representing an estimated $951 million market size, is promising for the environment and in
terms of costs.
The majority of MAA is used to produce plastics, optical glasses, lenses, moldings, fibers, resins, and others. The copolymer of MAA is also an essential component found in surface coatings, paints, adhesives, and emulsion polymers [106]. The
properties of MAA-derived polymers include good mechanical strength, scratch
resistant, and outstanding optical properties. PMMA is lighter than glass and exhibits excellent toughness, rigidity, and transparency. The growing demand of lightweight parts in vehicles caused increased demand for PMMA in the automotive
sector. The pipe materials and vacuum insulation panels used in constructions are
made from PMMA. The growing construction activates in the Asia-Pacific posed an
increased demand for PMMA. The excellent transparent properties of PMMA have
boosted its consumption in the lighted signs for advertising and directions.
Bio-Catalytic Itaconic Acid and Bio-Based Vinyl Monomer Production Processes