undirect effects, while a second trigger of long-term climate
change is mountain uplift. In that respect, the last
60 million-years have been crucial, since most of
present-day mountain ranges have uplifted during this time
interval. The Himalayan orogeny and the uplift of the
Tibetan plateau are certainly the two most studied geological
events over the past three decades in terms of impact on
climate, but other mountain ranges such as the Andes, the
Rockies and the east African dome very likely have played
important roles on the Cenozoic climate change. Some clues
on this point are provided in Volume 2, Chap. 22. Still, the
paleoelevations of the reliefs remain shrouded in uncertainty,
and efforts both on the modeling and the paleoelevation
indicator sides will need to be pursued to improve our
understanding of paleogeography evolution of Earth through
time, and ultimately better quantify its impact on long-term
climate changes.
References
Besse, J., & Courtillot, V. (1991). Revised and synthetic apparent polar
wander path of the African, Eurasian, North American and India
plates, and true polar wander since 200 Ma. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Solid Earth, 95, 4029– 4050.
Besse, J., & Courtillot, V. (2002). Apparent and true polar wander and
the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107, EPM 6-1–EPM
6-31.
Bleeker, W. (2003). The Late Archean record: A puzzle in ca.
35 pieces. Lithos, 71, 99–134.
Bonifacie, M., Calmels, D., Eiler, J. M., Horita, J., Chaduteau, C.,
Vasconcelos, C., et al. (2017). Calibration of the dolomite clumped
isotope thermometer from 25 to 350 °C, and implications for a
universal calibration for all (Ca, Mg, Fe) CO 3 carbonates.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 200(1), 255–279.
Botsyun, S., Sepulchre, P., Donnadieu, Y., Risi, C., Licht, A., & Caves
Rugenstein, J. K. (2019). Revised paleoaltimetry data show low
Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene. Science, 363. http://
doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1436.
Botsyun, S., Sepulchre, P., Risi, C., & Donnadieu, Y. (2016). Impacts
of Tibetan Plateau uplift on atmospheric dynamics and associated
precipitation d
18
O. Climate of the Past, 12, 1401–1420.
Bullard, E. C., Everett, J. E., & Smith, A. G. (1965). The fit of the
continents around the Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society London, 258A, 41–51.
Cawood, P. A., & Buchan, C. (2007). Linking accretionary orogenesis
with supercontinent assembly. Earth-Science Reviews, 3–4, 217–
256.
Chamberlain, C. P., Poage, M. A., Craw, D., & Reynolds, R. C. (1999).
Topographic development of the Southern Alps recorded by
isotopic composition of authigenic clay minerals, South Island,
New Zealand. Chemical Geology, 155, 279–94.
Cogné, J.-P., Besse, J., Chen, Y., & Hankard, F. (2013). A new Late
Cretaceous to present APWP for Asia and its implications for
paleomagnetic shallow inclinations in Central Asia and Cenozoic
Eurasian plate deformation. Geophysical Journal International,
192, 1000–1024.
Cogné, J. P., & Humler, E. (2006). Trends and rhythms in global
seafloor generation rate. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7,
Q03011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001148.
Cogné, J. P., Humler, E., & Courtillot, V. (2006). Mean age of oceanic
crust drives eustatic sealevel change since Pangea breakup. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 115–122.
Cox, A., Doell, R. R., & Dalrymple, G. B. (1964). Reversals of the
earth’s magnetic field. Science, 144, 1537–1543.
Creer, K. M., Irving, E., & Runcorn, S. K. (1954). The direction of the
geomagnetic field in remote epochs in Great Britain. Journal of
Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, 6, 163–168.
Domeier, M., van der Voo, R., & Torsvik. T. H. (2012). Paleomagnetism and Pangea: The road to reconciliation. Tectonophysics,
514–517, 14–43.
Eiler, J. M. (2007). “Clumped-isotope” geochemistry—The study of
naturally-occurring, multiply-substituted isotopologues. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 262, 309–327.
Ferreira, D., Cessi, P., Coxall, H. K., de Boer, A., Dijkstra, H. A.,
Drijfhout, S. S., et al. (2018). Atlantic-Pacific asymmetry in deep
water formation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,
46, 327–352.
Fluteau, F., Besse, J., Broutin, J., & Ramstein, G. (2001). The Late
Permian climate. What can be inferred from climate modelling
concerning Pangea scenarios and Hercynian range altitude? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167, 39–71.
Fluteau, F., Ramstein, G., Besse, J., Guiraud, R., & Masse, J. P. (2006).
The impacts of the paleogeography and sea level changes on the
mid cretaceous climate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 247, 357–381.
Forest, C. E., Molnar, P., & Emanuel, K. A. (1995). Palaeoaltimetry
from energy conservation principles. Nature, 374, 347–350.
Garzione, C. N., Auerbach, D. J., Jin-Sook Smith, J., Rosario, J. J.,
Passey, B. H., Jordan, T. E., et al. (2014). Clumped isotope
evidence for diachronous surface cooling of the Altiplano and
pulsed surface uplift of the Central Andes. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 393, 173–181.
Greff-Lefftz, M., & Besse, J. (2014). Sensitivity experiments on true polar
wander. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 4599–4616.
Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J. A. N., & Vail, P. R. (1987). Chronology of
fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic (250 million years ago to
present). Science, 235, 1156–1166.
Haq, B. U., & Schutter, S. R. (2008). A chronology of paleozoic
sea-level changes. Science, 322(5898), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1161648.
Hawkesworth, C. J., Cawood, P. A., Dhuime, B., & Kemp, T. I. S.
(2017). Earth’s continental lithosphere through time. Annual Review
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45, 169–198.
Heezen, B. C. (1962). The deep-sea floor. In S. I. Runcorn (Ed.),
Continental drift (pp. 235–288). New York: Academic Press.
Heezen, B. C., & Tharp, M. (1965). Tectonic fabric of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans and continental drift. In P. M. S. Blackett, E. Bullard,
& S. K. Runcorn (Eds.), A Symposium on Continental Drift,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 1033, 90. https://
doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1965.0024.
Heirtzler, J. R., Dickson, G. O., Herron, E. M., Pitman, W. C., &
Pichon, X. L. (1968). Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic
field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents.
Journal Geophysical Research, 73, 2119–2136.
Hess, H. H. (1962). History of ocean basins. In A. E. J. Engle, H.
L. James, & B. L. Leonard (Eds.), Petrologic studies: A volume in
honor of A. F. Buddington (pp. 599–620). New York: Geological
Society of America.
Holmes, A. (1929). A review of the continental drift hypothesis. Mining
Magazine 1–15.
46
F. Fluteau and P. Sepulchre
change is mountain uplift. In that respect, the last
60 million-years have been crucial, since most of
present-day mountain ranges have uplifted during this time
interval. The Himalayan orogeny and the uplift of the
Tibetan plateau are certainly the two most studied geological
events over the past three decades in terms of impact on
climate, but other mountain ranges such as the Andes, the
Rockies and the east African dome very likely have played
important roles on the Cenozoic climate change. Some clues
on this point are provided in Volume 2, Chap. 22. Still, the
paleoelevations of the reliefs remain shrouded in uncertainty,
and efforts both on the modeling and the paleoelevation
indicator sides will need to be pursued to improve our
understanding of paleogeography evolution of Earth through
time, and ultimately better quantify its impact on long-term
climate changes.
References
Besse, J., & Courtillot, V. (1991). Revised and synthetic apparent polar
wander path of the African, Eurasian, North American and India
plates, and true polar wander since 200 Ma. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Solid Earth, 95, 4029– 4050.
Besse, J., & Courtillot, V. (2002). Apparent and true polar wander and
the geometry of the geomagnetic field over the last 200 Myr.
Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 107, EPM 6-1–EPM
6-31.
Bleeker, W. (2003). The Late Archean record: A puzzle in ca.
35 pieces. Lithos, 71, 99–134.
Bonifacie, M., Calmels, D., Eiler, J. M., Horita, J., Chaduteau, C.,
Vasconcelos, C., et al. (2017). Calibration of the dolomite clumped
isotope thermometer from 25 to 350 °C, and implications for a
universal calibration for all (Ca, Mg, Fe) CO 3 carbonates.
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 200(1), 255–279.
Botsyun, S., Sepulchre, P., Donnadieu, Y., Risi, C., Licht, A., & Caves
Rugenstein, J. K. (2019). Revised paleoaltimetry data show low
Tibetan Plateau elevation during the Eocene. Science, 363. http://
doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq1436.
Botsyun, S., Sepulchre, P., Risi, C., & Donnadieu, Y. (2016). Impacts
of Tibetan Plateau uplift on atmospheric dynamics and associated
precipitation d
18
O. Climate of the Past, 12, 1401–1420.
Bullard, E. C., Everett, J. E., & Smith, A. G. (1965). The fit of the
continents around the Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the
Royal Society London, 258A, 41–51.
Cawood, P. A., & Buchan, C. (2007). Linking accretionary orogenesis
with supercontinent assembly. Earth-Science Reviews, 3–4, 217–
256.
Chamberlain, C. P., Poage, M. A., Craw, D., & Reynolds, R. C. (1999).
Topographic development of the Southern Alps recorded by
isotopic composition of authigenic clay minerals, South Island,
New Zealand. Chemical Geology, 155, 279–94.
Cogné, J.-P., Besse, J., Chen, Y., & Hankard, F. (2013). A new Late
Cretaceous to present APWP for Asia and its implications for
paleomagnetic shallow inclinations in Central Asia and Cenozoic
Eurasian plate deformation. Geophysical Journal International,
192, 1000–1024.
Cogné, J. P., & Humler, E. (2006). Trends and rhythms in global
seafloor generation rate. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7,
Q03011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GC001148.
Cogné, J. P., Humler, E., & Courtillot, V. (2006). Mean age of oceanic
crust drives eustatic sealevel change since Pangea breakup. Earth
and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 115–122.
Cox, A., Doell, R. R., & Dalrymple, G. B. (1964). Reversals of the
earth’s magnetic field. Science, 144, 1537–1543.
Creer, K. M., Irving, E., & Runcorn, S. K. (1954). The direction of the
geomagnetic field in remote epochs in Great Britain. Journal of
Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity, 6, 163–168.
Domeier, M., van der Voo, R., & Torsvik. T. H. (2012). Paleomagnetism and Pangea: The road to reconciliation. Tectonophysics,
514–517, 14–43.
Eiler, J. M. (2007). “Clumped-isotope” geochemistry—The study of
naturally-occurring, multiply-substituted isotopologues. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 262, 309–327.
Ferreira, D., Cessi, P., Coxall, H. K., de Boer, A., Dijkstra, H. A.,
Drijfhout, S. S., et al. (2018). Atlantic-Pacific asymmetry in deep
water formation. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences,
46, 327–352.
Fluteau, F., Besse, J., Broutin, J., & Ramstein, G. (2001). The Late
Permian climate. What can be inferred from climate modelling
concerning Pangea scenarios and Hercynian range altitude? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167, 39–71.
Fluteau, F., Ramstein, G., Besse, J., Guiraud, R., & Masse, J. P. (2006).
The impacts of the paleogeography and sea level changes on the
mid cretaceous climate. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,
Palaeoecology, 247, 357–381.
Forest, C. E., Molnar, P., & Emanuel, K. A. (1995). Palaeoaltimetry
from energy conservation principles. Nature, 374, 347–350.
Garzione, C. N., Auerbach, D. J., Jin-Sook Smith, J., Rosario, J. J.,
Passey, B. H., Jordan, T. E., et al. (2014). Clumped isotope
evidence for diachronous surface cooling of the Altiplano and
pulsed surface uplift of the Central Andes. Earth and Planetary
Science Letters, 393, 173–181.
Greff-Lefftz, M., & Besse, J. (2014). Sensitivity experiments on true polar
wander. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 15, 4599–4616.
Haq, B. U., Hardenbol, J. A. N., & Vail, P. R. (1987). Chronology of
fluctuating sea levels since the Triassic (250 million years ago to
present). Science, 235, 1156–1166.
Haq, B. U., & Schutter, S. R. (2008). A chronology of paleozoic
sea-level changes. Science, 322(5898), 64–68. https://doi.org/10.
1126/science.1161648.
Hawkesworth, C. J., Cawood, P. A., Dhuime, B., & Kemp, T. I. S.
(2017). Earth’s continental lithosphere through time. Annual Review
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 45, 169–198.
Heezen, B. C. (1962). The deep-sea floor. In S. I. Runcorn (Ed.),
Continental drift (pp. 235–288). New York: Academic Press.
Heezen, B. C., & Tharp, M. (1965). Tectonic fabric of the Atlantic and
Indian Oceans and continental drift. In P. M. S. Blackett, E. Bullard,
& S. K. Runcorn (Eds.), A Symposium on Continental Drift,
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 1033, 90. https://
doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1965.0024.
Heirtzler, J. R., Dickson, G. O., Herron, E. M., Pitman, W. C., &
Pichon, X. L. (1968). Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic
field reversals, and motions of the ocean floor and continents.
Journal Geophysical Research, 73, 2119–2136.
Hess, H. H. (1962). History of ocean basins. In A. E. J. Engle, H.
L. James, & B. L. Leonard (Eds.), Petrologic studies: A volume in
honor of A. F. Buddington (pp. 599–620). New York: Geological
Society of America.
Holmes, A. (1929). A review of the continental drift hypothesis. Mining
Magazine 1–15.
46
F. Fluteau and P. Sepulchre