Haywood, A. M., et al. (2011). Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project
(PlioMIP): Experimental design and boundary conditions (experiment 2. Geoscientific Model Development, 4, 571–577. https://doi.
org/10.5194/gmd-4-571-2011.
Haywood, A. M. et al. (2016). The Pliocene Model Intercomparison
Project (PlioMIP) Phase 2: Scientific objectives and experimental
design. Climate of the Past, 12, 663–675. https://doi.org/10.5194/
cp-12-663-2016IMBIE team (2018). Mass balance of the Antarctic
ice sheet from 1992–2017. Nature, 558, 219–222. https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41586-018-0179.
IPCC. (Ed.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis;
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge,
United Kingdom, and New-York, USA, Cambridge University
Press.
IPCC. (Ed.). Climate Change (2013): The Physical Science Basis;
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge,
United Kingdom, and New-York, USA, Cambridge University
Press.
Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A., & Woodworth, P. L. (2008).
Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago?
Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L08715.
Johnson, G. C., et al. (2007). Recent bottom water warming in the
Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate, 20, 5365–5375.
Keeling, C. D., et al. (1995). Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of
atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature, 375, 666–670.
Khodri, M., et al. (2001). Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing
by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation. Nature, 410, 570–574.
Kopp, R. E., et al. (2009). Probabilistic assessment of sea level during
the last interglacial stage. Nature, 462, 863–867. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nature08686.
Kouketsu, S., et al. (2011). Deep ocean heat content changes estimated
from observation and reanalysis product and their influence on sea
level change. Journal of Geophysical Research (Ocean), 116,
C03012.
Lambert, S. J., & Fyfe, J. C. (2006). Changes in winter cyclone
frequencies and strengths simulated in enhanced greenhouse
warming experiments: results from the models participating in the
IPCC diagnostic exercise. Climate Dynamics, 26, 713–728. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0110-3.
Loutre, M.-F., & Berger, A. (2000). Are we entering an exceptionally
long interglacial? Climatic Change, 46, 61–90.
Luo, D., et al. (2016). Environmental Earth Science, 75, 555. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5229-2.
Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1994). Observations of the 40-50 day
tropical oscillation: A review. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 814–
837.
Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1967). Thermal equilibrium of the
atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. Journal
of the Atmospheric Sciences, 24(3), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.
1175/1520-0469(1967)024%3c0241:TEOTAW%3e2.0.CO;2.
Meehl, G. A., Tebaldi, C., Walton, G., Easterling, D., & McDaniel, L.
(2009). Relative increase of record high maximum temperatures
compared to record low minimum temperatures in the U.S.
Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L23701. https://doi.org/10.
1029/2009gl040736.
Nerem, R. S., Beckley, B. D., Fasullo, J. T., Hamlington, B. D.,
Masters, D., & Mitchum G. T. (2018). Climate-change–driven
accelerated sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 115(9), 2022–2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
1717312115.
Oerlemans, J., & Van der Veen, C. J. (1984). Ice Sheets and Climate,
Reidel, 217 pp.
Oerlemans, J. (2005). Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier
records. Science, 308(5722), 675–677.
Peltier, D. F., et al. (2015). ICE-5G and ICE-6G models of postglacial
relative sea-level history a Space geodesy constrains ice age
terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model.
Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth), 120, 450–487.
Purkey, S. G., & Johnson, G. C. (2010). Warming of global abyssal and
deep southern ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s:
Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. Journal of
Climate, 23, 6336–6351.
Ramanathan, V., & Coakley, J. A., Jr. (1978). Climate modeling
through radiative-convective models. Reviews of Geophysics and
Space Physics, 16(4), 465.
Ramillien, G., et al. (2006). Interannual variations of the mass balance
of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE. Global
and Planetary Change, 53, 198–208.
Ray, R. D., & Douglas, B. C. (2011). Experiments in reconstructing
twentieth-century sea levels. Progress in Oceanography, 91, 495–
515.
Rignot, E., et al. (2019). Four decades of Antarctic ice sheet mass
balance from 1979–2017. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 116(4), 1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
18128883116.
Rigor, I. G., & Wallace, J. M. (2004). Variations in the age of sea ice
and summer sea ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters, 31.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019492.
Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., & Christiansen, H. H. (2010a).
Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during
the International Polar Year 2007–2009: A synthesis. Permafrost
Periglacial Processes, 21, 106–116.
Romanovsky, V. E., et al. (2010b). Thermal state of permafrost in
Russia. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 21, 136–155.
Shepherd, et al. (2012). A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass
balance. Science, 338, 1183. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1228102.
Stott, P. A., et al. (2004). Human contribution to the European
heatwave of 2003. Nature, 432, 610–614.
Szopa, S., et al. (2013). Aerosol and ozone changes as forcing for
climate evolution between 1850 and 2100. Climate Dynamics, 40
(9–10), 2223–2250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1408-y.
Tarasov, L., & Peltier, W. R. (2007). Coevolution of continental ice
cover and permafrost extent over the last glacial-interglacial cycle in
North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, F02S08.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000661.
Tschudi, M. A., Stroeve, J. C., & Stewart, J. S. (2016). Relating the age
of Arctic sea ice to its thickness, as measured during NASA’s
ICESat and IceBridge campaigns. Remote Sensing, 8(6). https://doi.
org/10.3390/rs8060457.
VandenBerghe, J. (2011). Permafrost during the Pleistocene in North
West and Central Europe. Permafrost Response on Economic
31 From the Climates of the Past to the Climates …
477
(PlioMIP): Experimental design and boundary conditions (experiment 2. Geoscientific Model Development, 4, 571–577. https://doi.
org/10.5194/gmd-4-571-2011.
Haywood, A. M. et al. (2016). The Pliocene Model Intercomparison
Project (PlioMIP) Phase 2: Scientific objectives and experimental
design. Climate of the Past, 12, 663–675. https://doi.org/10.5194/
cp-12-663-2016IMBIE team (2018). Mass balance of the Antarctic
ice sheet from 1992–2017. Nature, 558, 219–222. https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41586-018-0179.
IPCC. (Ed.). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis;
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge,
United Kingdom, and New-York, USA, Cambridge University
Press.
IPCC. (Ed.). Climate Change (2013): The Physical Science Basis;
Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge,
United Kingdom, and New-York, USA, Cambridge University
Press.
Jevrejeva, S., Moore, J. C., Grinsted, A., & Woodworth, P. L. (2008).
Recent global sea level acceleration started over 200 years ago?
Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L08715.
Johnson, G. C., et al. (2007). Recent bottom water warming in the
Pacific Ocean. Journal of Climate, 20, 5365–5375.
Keeling, C. D., et al. (1995). Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of
atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980. Nature, 375, 666–670.
Khodri, M., et al. (2001). Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing
by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation. Nature, 410, 570–574.
Kopp, R. E., et al. (2009). Probabilistic assessment of sea level during
the last interglacial stage. Nature, 462, 863–867. https://doi.org/10.
1038/nature08686.
Kouketsu, S., et al. (2011). Deep ocean heat content changes estimated
from observation and reanalysis product and their influence on sea
level change. Journal of Geophysical Research (Ocean), 116,
C03012.
Lambert, S. J., & Fyfe, J. C. (2006). Changes in winter cyclone
frequencies and strengths simulated in enhanced greenhouse
warming experiments: results from the models participating in the
IPCC diagnostic exercise. Climate Dynamics, 26, 713–728. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00382-006-0110-3.
Loutre, M.-F., & Berger, A. (2000). Are we entering an exceptionally
long interglacial? Climatic Change, 46, 61–90.
Luo, D., et al. (2016). Environmental Earth Science, 75, 555. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-5229-2.
Madden, R. A., & Julian, P. R. (1994). Observations of the 40-50 day
tropical oscillation: A review. Monthly Weather Review, 122, 814–
837.
Manabe, S., & Wetherald, R. T. (1967). Thermal equilibrium of the
atmosphere with a given distribution of relative humidity. Journal
of the Atmospheric Sciences, 24(3), 241–259. https://doi.org/10.
1175/1520-0469(1967)024%3c0241:TEOTAW%3e2.0.CO;2.
Meehl, G. A., Tebaldi, C., Walton, G., Easterling, D., & McDaniel, L.
(2009). Relative increase of record high maximum temperatures
compared to record low minimum temperatures in the U.S.
Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L23701. https://doi.org/10.
1029/2009gl040736.
Nerem, R. S., Beckley, B. D., Fasullo, J. T., Hamlington, B. D.,
Masters, D., & Mitchum G. T. (2018). Climate-change–driven
accelerated sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 115(9), 2022–2025. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
1717312115.
Oerlemans, J., & Van der Veen, C. J. (1984). Ice Sheets and Climate,
Reidel, 217 pp.
Oerlemans, J. (2005). Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier
records. Science, 308(5722), 675–677.
Peltier, D. F., et al. (2015). ICE-5G and ICE-6G models of postglacial
relative sea-level history a Space geodesy constrains ice age
terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model.
Journal of Geophysical Research (Solid Earth), 120, 450–487.
Purkey, S. G., & Johnson, G. C. (2010). Warming of global abyssal and
deep southern ocean waters between the 1990s and 2000s:
Contributions to global heat and sea level rise budgets. Journal of
Climate, 23, 6336–6351.
Ramanathan, V., & Coakley, J. A., Jr. (1978). Climate modeling
through radiative-convective models. Reviews of Geophysics and
Space Physics, 16(4), 465.
Ramillien, G., et al. (2006). Interannual variations of the mass balance
of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets from GRACE. Global
and Planetary Change, 53, 198–208.
Ray, R. D., & Douglas, B. C. (2011). Experiments in reconstructing
twentieth-century sea levels. Progress in Oceanography, 91, 495–
515.
Rignot, E., et al. (2019). Four decades of Antarctic ice sheet mass
balance from 1979–2017. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, 116(4), 1095–1103. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.
18128883116.
Rigor, I. G., & Wallace, J. M. (2004). Variations in the age of sea ice
and summer sea ice extent. Geophysical Research Letters, 31.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019492.
Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., & Christiansen, H. H. (2010a).
Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during
the International Polar Year 2007–2009: A synthesis. Permafrost
Periglacial Processes, 21, 106–116.
Romanovsky, V. E., et al. (2010b). Thermal state of permafrost in
Russia. Permafrost Periglacial Processes, 21, 136–155.
Shepherd, et al. (2012). A reconciled estimate of ice-sheet mass
balance. Science, 338, 1183. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.
1228102.
Stott, P. A., et al. (2004). Human contribution to the European
heatwave of 2003. Nature, 432, 610–614.
Szopa, S., et al. (2013). Aerosol and ozone changes as forcing for
climate evolution between 1850 and 2100. Climate Dynamics, 40
(9–10), 2223–2250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-012-1408-y.
Tarasov, L., & Peltier, W. R. (2007). Coevolution of continental ice
cover and permafrost extent over the last glacial-interglacial cycle in
North America. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, F02S08.
https://doi.org/10.1029/2006jf000661.
Tschudi, M. A., Stroeve, J. C., & Stewart, J. S. (2016). Relating the age
of Arctic sea ice to its thickness, as measured during NASA’s
ICESat and IceBridge campaigns. Remote Sensing, 8(6). https://doi.
org/10.3390/rs8060457.
VandenBerghe, J. (2011). Permafrost during the Pleistocene in North
West and Central Europe. Permafrost Response on Economic
31 From the Climates of the Past to the Climates …
477