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29. S. Mühlbauer, B. Binz, F. Jonietz, C. Pfleiderer, A. Rosch, A. Neubauer, R. Georgii, P. Böni,
Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet. Science 323, 915–919 (2009)
30. A.V. Bezvershenko, A.K. Kolezhuk, B.A. Ivanov, Stabilization of magnetic skyrmions by
RKKY interactions. Phys. Rev. B 97, 054408 (2018)
31. T. Kurumaji, T. Nakajima, M. Hirschberger, A. Kikkawa, Y. Yamasaki, H. Sagayama, H.
Nakao, Y. Taguchi, T. Arima, Y. Tokura, Skyrmion lattice with a giant topological Hall effect
in a frustrated triangular-lattice magnet. Science 365, 914–918 (2019)
32. O. Boulle, J. Vogel, H. Yang, S. Pizzini, D. de Souza Chaves, A. Locatelli, T.O. Mente¸ s, A. Sala,
L.D. Buda-Prejbeanu, O. Klein, M. Belmeguenai, Y. Roussigné, A. Stashkevich, S.M. Chérif,
L. Aballe, M. Foerster, M. Chshiev, S. Auffret, I.M. Miron, G. Gaudin, Room-temperature
chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 449–
454 (2016)
33. C. Moreau-Luchaire, C. Moutafis, N. Reyren, J. Sampaio, C.A.F. Vaz, N. Van Horne, K.
Bouzehouane, K. Garcia, C. Deranlot, P. Warnicke, P. Wohlhüter, J.M. George, M. Weigand,
J. Raabe, V. Cros, A. Fert, Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization
of small individual skyrmions at room temperature. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 444–448 (2016)
34. B. Göbel, A. Mook, J. Henk, I. Mertig, O.A. Tretiakov, Magnetic bimerons as skyrmion
analogues in in-plane magnets. Phys. Rev. B 99, 060407 (2019)
35. R. Zarzuela, V.K. Bharadwaj, K.-W. Kim, J. Sinova, K. Everschor-Sitte, Stability and dynamics of in-plane skyrmions in collinear ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B 101, 054405 (2020)
36. A.O. Leonov, T.L. Monchesky, J.C. Loudon, A.N. Bogdanov, Three-dimensional chiral
skyrmions with attractive interparticle interactions. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 28, 35LT01
(2016)
37. J. Müller, J. Rajeswari, P. Huang, Y. Murooka, H.M. Rønnow, F. Carbone, A. Rosch, Magnetic
Skyrmions and Skyrmion Clusters in the Helical Phase of Cu 2 OSeO 3 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 119,
137201 (2017)
38. F.N. Rybakov, A.B. Borisov, S. Blügel, N.S. Kiselev, New Type of Stable Particlelike States
in Chiral Magnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 117201 (2015)
39. A.P. Malozemoff, J.C. Slonczewski, Magnetic Domain Walls in Bubble Materials. Applied
Solid State Science: Supplement 1. Elsevier (1979)
40. J.H.C. Whitehead, An Expression of Hopf’s Invariant as an Integral. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
33, 117–123 (1947)
41. M. Sitte, K. Everschor-Sitte, T. Valet, D.R. Rodrigues, J. Sinova, Ar. Abanov, Current-driven
periodic domain wall creation in ferromagnetic nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 94, 064422 (2016)
42. K. Everschor-Sitte, M. Sitte, T. Valet, Ar. Abanov, J. Sinova, Skyrmion production on demand
by homogeneous DC currents. New J. Phys. 19, 092001 (2017)
43. V. Flovik, A. Qaiumzadeh, A.K. Nandy, C. Heo, T. Rasing, Generation of single skyrmions
by picosecond magnetic field pulses. Phys. Rev. B 96, 140411(R) (2017)
44. S. Zhang, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, C. Barton, V. Neu, Y. Zhao, Z. Hou, Y. Wen, C. Gong, O.
Kazakova, W. Wang, Y. Peng, D.A. Garanin, E.M. Chudnovsky, X. Zhang, Direct writing of
room temperature and zero field skyrmion lattices by a scanning local magnetic field. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 112, 132405 (2018)
45. P. Dürrenfeld, Y. Xu, J. Åkerman, Y. Zhou, Controlled skyrmion nucleation in extended
magnetic layers using a nanocontact geometry. Phys. Rev. B 96, 054430 (2017)
46. N. Romming, C. Hanneken, M. Menzel, J.E. Bickel, B. Wolter, K. von Bergmann, A. Kubetzka, R. Wiesendanger, Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions. Science 341, 636–
639 (2013)
47. P.-J. Hsu, A. Kubetzka, A. Finco, N. Romming, K. von Bergmann, R. Wiesendanger, Electricfield-driven switching of individual magnetic skyrmions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 123–126
(2017)
48. W. Koshibae, N. Nagaosa, Creation of skyrmions and antiskyrmions by local heating. Nat.
Commun. 5, 5148 (2014)
49. F. Rendell-Bhatti, R.J. Lamb, J.W. van der Jagt, G.W. Paterson, H.J.M. Swagten, D.
McGrouther, Spontaneous creation and annihilation dynamics and strain-limited stability
of magnetic skyrmions. Nat. Commun. 11, 3536 (2020)
J. Masell and K. Everschor-Sitte
29. S. Mühlbauer, B. Binz, F. Jonietz, C. Pfleiderer, A. Rosch, A. Neubauer, R. Georgii, P. Böni,
Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet. Science 323, 915–919 (2009)
30. A.V. Bezvershenko, A.K. Kolezhuk, B.A. Ivanov, Stabilization of magnetic skyrmions by
RKKY interactions. Phys. Rev. B 97, 054408 (2018)
31. T. Kurumaji, T. Nakajima, M. Hirschberger, A. Kikkawa, Y. Yamasaki, H. Sagayama, H.
Nakao, Y. Taguchi, T. Arima, Y. Tokura, Skyrmion lattice with a giant topological Hall effect
in a frustrated triangular-lattice magnet. Science 365, 914–918 (2019)
32. O. Boulle, J. Vogel, H. Yang, S. Pizzini, D. de Souza Chaves, A. Locatelli, T.O. Mente¸ s, A. Sala,
L.D. Buda-Prejbeanu, O. Klein, M. Belmeguenai, Y. Roussigné, A. Stashkevich, S.M. Chérif,
L. Aballe, M. Foerster, M. Chshiev, S. Auffret, I.M. Miron, G. Gaudin, Room-temperature
chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 449–
454 (2016)
33. C. Moreau-Luchaire, C. Moutafis, N. Reyren, J. Sampaio, C.A.F. Vaz, N. Van Horne, K.
Bouzehouane, K. Garcia, C. Deranlot, P. Warnicke, P. Wohlhüter, J.M. George, M. Weigand,
J. Raabe, V. Cros, A. Fert, Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization
of small individual skyrmions at room temperature. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 444–448 (2016)
34. B. Göbel, A. Mook, J. Henk, I. Mertig, O.A. Tretiakov, Magnetic bimerons as skyrmion
analogues in in-plane magnets. Phys. Rev. B 99, 060407 (2019)
35. R. Zarzuela, V.K. Bharadwaj, K.-W. Kim, J. Sinova, K. Everschor-Sitte, Stability and dynamics of in-plane skyrmions in collinear ferromagnets. Phys. Rev. B 101, 054405 (2020)
36. A.O. Leonov, T.L. Monchesky, J.C. Loudon, A.N. Bogdanov, Three-dimensional chiral
skyrmions with attractive interparticle interactions. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 28, 35LT01
(2016)
37. J. Müller, J. Rajeswari, P. Huang, Y. Murooka, H.M. Rønnow, F. Carbone, A. Rosch, Magnetic
Skyrmions and Skyrmion Clusters in the Helical Phase of Cu 2 OSeO 3 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 119,
137201 (2017)
38. F.N. Rybakov, A.B. Borisov, S. Blügel, N.S. Kiselev, New Type of Stable Particlelike States
in Chiral Magnets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 117201 (2015)
39. A.P. Malozemoff, J.C. Slonczewski, Magnetic Domain Walls in Bubble Materials. Applied
Solid State Science: Supplement 1. Elsevier (1979)
40. J.H.C. Whitehead, An Expression of Hopf’s Invariant as an Integral. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
33, 117–123 (1947)
41. M. Sitte, K. Everschor-Sitte, T. Valet, D.R. Rodrigues, J. Sinova, Ar. Abanov, Current-driven
periodic domain wall creation in ferromagnetic nanowires. Phys. Rev. B 94, 064422 (2016)
42. K. Everschor-Sitte, M. Sitte, T. Valet, Ar. Abanov, J. Sinova, Skyrmion production on demand
by homogeneous DC currents. New J. Phys. 19, 092001 (2017)
43. V. Flovik, A. Qaiumzadeh, A.K. Nandy, C. Heo, T. Rasing, Generation of single skyrmions
by picosecond magnetic field pulses. Phys. Rev. B 96, 140411(R) (2017)
44. S. Zhang, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, C. Barton, V. Neu, Y. Zhao, Z. Hou, Y. Wen, C. Gong, O.
Kazakova, W. Wang, Y. Peng, D.A. Garanin, E.M. Chudnovsky, X. Zhang, Direct writing of
room temperature and zero field skyrmion lattices by a scanning local magnetic field. Appl.
Phys. Lett. 112, 132405 (2018)
45. P. Dürrenfeld, Y. Xu, J. Åkerman, Y. Zhou, Controlled skyrmion nucleation in extended
magnetic layers using a nanocontact geometry. Phys. Rev. B 96, 054430 (2017)
46. N. Romming, C. Hanneken, M. Menzel, J.E. Bickel, B. Wolter, K. von Bergmann, A. Kubetzka, R. Wiesendanger, Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions. Science 341, 636–
639 (2013)
47. P.-J. Hsu, A. Kubetzka, A. Finco, N. Romming, K. von Bergmann, R. Wiesendanger, Electricfield-driven switching of individual magnetic skyrmions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 12, 123–126
(2017)
48. W. Koshibae, N. Nagaosa, Creation of skyrmions and antiskyrmions by local heating. Nat.
Commun. 5, 5148 (2014)
49. F. Rendell-Bhatti, R.J. Lamb, J.W. van der Jagt, G.W. Paterson, H.J.M. Swagten, D.
McGrouther, Spontaneous creation and annihilation dynamics and strain-limited stability
of magnetic skyrmions. Nat. Commun. 11, 3536 (2020)