289
MoO 3
Molybdenum trioxide
MWNTs Multiwalled nanotubes
NDA
New drug application
NMs
Nanomaterials
NOECs
No observed effect concentrations
NPs
Nanoparticles
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PEI
Polyethyleneimine
PEN
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
PVP
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
QDs
Quantum dots
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
SELs
Size exclusion limits
SPR
Surface plasmon resonance
SWNTs
Single-walled nanotubes
TiO 2
Titanium dioxide
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
US FDA United States Food and Drug Administration
ZnO
Zinc oxide
ZnS
Zinc sulfide
ZnSe
Zinc selenide
11.1 Introduction
With the advent of nanotechnology which is of widespread significance, exponential developments have been observed in science and industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, textile, electronics, etc. (Guzmán et al. 2006). Nanoparticles
(NPs) or nanomaterials (NMs) are defined as natural or man-made substances that
exist in singly or as aggregated/agglomerated form within the range of 1–100 nm
(number size distribution in at least one of the dimensions with 50% or more of the
particles), along with a volume-specific surface area of at least 60 m
2
cm
−3
(EU
Commission 2011; Loureiro et al. 2018). More often, nanoparticles are found naturally but their extensive commercial use have put forth the synthetic production of
these particles for various tailor-made applications with unique optical, electronic,
chemical, biological, and mechanical properties and are termed as engineered
nanoparticles (ENPs). Globally, numerous ENP-based products are available for
healthcare, energy, and environmental applications (Goswami et al. 2017). Since
2000, the global market value of ENPs has increased from US$ 125 million to US$
7.3–12.7 billion in between 2008–2016. It is slated to reach approximately between
US$ 11.8–16.8 billion by 2022–2025 (Lai et al. 2017; He et al. 2018).
This escalating production and applications of these ENPs results in their exposure in the environmental media and interacts with various trophic levels of the
ecosystems. Presently, around 63–91% of ENPs are disposed in landfills while the
11 Environmental Impact and Econanotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials
MoO 3
Molybdenum trioxide
MWNTs Multiwalled nanotubes
NDA
New drug application
NMs
Nanomaterials
NOECs
No observed effect concentrations
NPs
Nanoparticles
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PEI
Polyethyleneimine
PEN
Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies
PVP
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
QDs
Quantum dots
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
SELs
Size exclusion limits
SPR
Surface plasmon resonance
SWNTs
Single-walled nanotubes
TiO 2
Titanium dioxide
TSCA
Toxic Substances Control Act
US FDA United States Food and Drug Administration
ZnO
Zinc oxide
ZnS
Zinc sulfide
ZnSe
Zinc selenide
11.1 Introduction
With the advent of nanotechnology which is of widespread significance, exponential developments have been observed in science and industries like pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, foods, textile, electronics, etc. (Guzmán et al. 2006). Nanoparticles
(NPs) or nanomaterials (NMs) are defined as natural or man-made substances that
exist in singly or as aggregated/agglomerated form within the range of 1–100 nm
(number size distribution in at least one of the dimensions with 50% or more of the
particles), along with a volume-specific surface area of at least 60 m
2
cm
−3
(EU
Commission 2011; Loureiro et al. 2018). More often, nanoparticles are found naturally but their extensive commercial use have put forth the synthetic production of
these particles for various tailor-made applications with unique optical, electronic,
chemical, biological, and mechanical properties and are termed as engineered
nanoparticles (ENPs). Globally, numerous ENP-based products are available for
healthcare, energy, and environmental applications (Goswami et al. 2017). Since
2000, the global market value of ENPs has increased from US$ 125 million to US$
7.3–12.7 billion in between 2008–2016. It is slated to reach approximately between
US$ 11.8–16.8 billion by 2022–2025 (Lai et al. 2017; He et al. 2018).
This escalating production and applications of these ENPs results in their exposure in the environmental media and interacts with various trophic levels of the
ecosystems. Presently, around 63–91% of ENPs are disposed in landfills while the
11 Environmental Impact and Econanotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials