171
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
V. Kumar et al. (eds.), Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology Vol. 1,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 59,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63241-0_7
Chapter 7
Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures
in Aquatic Environments
Flávia F. Pereira, Marcos D. Ferreira, Claudio M. Jonsson, Katia Regina de
Jesus, Vera Lúcia Scherholz de Castro, and Daniel S. Correa
Contents
7.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials and Toxicity Aspects
172
7.2 Engineered Nanostructures: Synthesis Methods
174
7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
174
7.2.2 Copper Nanoparticles
175
7.2.3 Graphene
177
7.2.4 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
179
7.2.5 Silver Nanoparticles
180
7.2.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
181
7.3 Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures in Aquatic Environments
182
7.3.1 Nanotoxicity Investigations in Microalgae and Microcrustaceans
182
7.3.2 Nanotoxicity Investigation in Fishes
186
7.3.3 Nanostructure Risk Assessments and Safety Analysis
189
7.4 Conclusion and Final Remarks
190
References
191
Abstract The importance of engineered nanostructures has consistently increased
along the last years due to the large number of applications intended for those materials, ranging from drug delivery systems, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, and
smart food packaging, to cite a few. However, the extensive use of such nanomaterials, if not properly employed and disposed, raises concern on the toxicity they can
present to humans and aquatic organisms. The latter, specifically, compose the basic
F. F. Pereira · M. D. Ferreira · D. S. Correa (*)
Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação,
São Carlos, SP, Brazil
e-mail: daniel.correa@embrapa.br
C. M. Jonsson · V. L. S. de Castro
Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
K. R. de Jesus
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) / Secretaria de Inteligência e
Relações Estratégicas – SIRE - Gerência de Macroestratégia – GME, Brasília, DF, Brasil
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
V. Kumar et al. (eds.), Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology Vol. 1,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 59,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63241-0_7
Chapter 7
Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures
in Aquatic Environments
Flávia F. Pereira, Marcos D. Ferreira, Claudio M. Jonsson, Katia Regina de
Jesus, Vera Lúcia Scherholz de Castro, and Daniel S. Correa
Contents
7.1 Introduction to Nanomaterials and Toxicity Aspects
172
7.2 Engineered Nanostructures: Synthesis Methods
174
7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
174
7.2.2 Copper Nanoparticles
175
7.2.3 Graphene
177
7.2.4 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles
179
7.2.5 Silver Nanoparticles
180
7.2.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
181
7.3 Toxicity of Engineered Nanostructures in Aquatic Environments
182
7.3.1 Nanotoxicity Investigations in Microalgae and Microcrustaceans
182
7.3.2 Nanotoxicity Investigation in Fishes
186
7.3.3 Nanostructure Risk Assessments and Safety Analysis
189
7.4 Conclusion and Final Remarks
190
References
191
Abstract The importance of engineered nanostructures has consistently increased
along the last years due to the large number of applications intended for those materials, ranging from drug delivery systems, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, and
smart food packaging, to cite a few. However, the extensive use of such nanomaterials, if not properly employed and disposed, raises concern on the toxicity they can
present to humans and aquatic organisms. The latter, specifically, compose the basic
F. F. Pereira · M. D. Ferreira · D. S. Correa (*)
Nanotechnology National Laboratory for Agriculture (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação,
São Carlos, SP, Brazil
e-mail: daniel.correa@embrapa.br
C. M. Jonsson · V. L. S. de Castro
Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil
K. R. de Jesus
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) / Secretaria de Inteligência e
Relações Estratégicas – SIRE - Gerência de Macroestratégia – GME, Brasília, DF, Brasil