125
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
V. Kumar et al. (eds.), Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology Vol. 1,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 59,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63241-0_5
Chapter 5
Nanomaterials Causing Cellular Toxicity
and Genotoxicity
Bensu Karahalil
Contents
5.1 Introduction
126
5.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
128
5.1.2 Nanoparticles of Metallic Substances
128
5.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO)
129
5.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles)
130
5.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO 2 Nanoparticles)
131
5.4.1 Nanoparticles of Nonmetallic Substances
132
5.5 Conclusions
135
References
135
Abstract Nanomaterials have been commonly used in many applications in society, and their use is increasing year by year. Therefore, it is essential to make the risk
assessment of these materials. Most important toxicologic effects such as genotoxic
and mutagenic effects need to be meticulously evaluated because these effects are
related to major health concerns such as cancer and inherited genetic damage. There
are different methods used to test genotoxic effects of nanomaterials namely comet
assay, micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test, bacterial and mammalian
mutagenicity tests. There are some interactions between nanoparticles and some
solutions or chemicals or reagents used in these assays. Furthermore, the nanomaterials of different substances and their toxicity are evaluated by using toxicology
assays. The in vivo genotoxicity studies found in the literature for some of the most
common nanoparticles of metallic and nonmetallic substances were compiled in
this review, that is, aluminum oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium
oxide, and carbon-based nanomaterials, silica. There are conflicting results for these
materials and their reasons explained. It is also emphasized the importance of
administration route of nanomaterials in genotoxicity studies, and target tissue
statement especially is important for inhalation toxicity. We need the benefits of
B. Karahalil (*)
Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to
Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
V. Kumar et al. (eds.), Nanotoxicology and Nanoecotoxicology Vol. 1,
Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World 59,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63241-0_5
Chapter 5
Nanomaterials Causing Cellular Toxicity
and Genotoxicity
Bensu Karahalil
Contents
5.1 Introduction
126
5.1.1 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
128
5.1.2 Nanoparticles of Metallic Substances
128
5.2 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeO)
129
5.3 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO Nanoparticles)
130
5.4 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO 2 Nanoparticles)
131
5.4.1 Nanoparticles of Nonmetallic Substances
132
5.5 Conclusions
135
References
135
Abstract Nanomaterials have been commonly used in many applications in society, and their use is increasing year by year. Therefore, it is essential to make the risk
assessment of these materials. Most important toxicologic effects such as genotoxic
and mutagenic effects need to be meticulously evaluated because these effects are
related to major health concerns such as cancer and inherited genetic damage. There
are different methods used to test genotoxic effects of nanomaterials namely comet
assay, micronucleus assay, chromosome aberration test, bacterial and mammalian
mutagenicity tests. There are some interactions between nanoparticles and some
solutions or chemicals or reagents used in these assays. Furthermore, the nanomaterials of different substances and their toxicity are evaluated by using toxicology
assays. The in vivo genotoxicity studies found in the literature for some of the most
common nanoparticles of metallic and nonmetallic substances were compiled in
this review, that is, aluminum oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, zinc oxide, titanium
oxide, and carbon-based nanomaterials, silica. There are conflicting results for these
materials and their reasons explained. It is also emphasized the importance of
administration route of nanomaterials in genotoxicity studies, and target tissue
statement especially is important for inhalation toxicity. We need the benefits of
B. Karahalil (*)
Faculty of Pharmacy, Toxicology Department, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey