102
inorganic nanoparticles characteristic, and initial capping agent provide the stability
in soil and water systems (Schaumann et al. 2015). Presence of humic substance and
polysaccharides in natural organic matter also play a role in molecular bridge formation between particles (Liu et al. 2010).
4.3 Interaction of Nanomaterial with Microbial
Communities
Microbes are an important component of the ecosystem and play a significant role
in ecological, hydrological, and geological cycles. Change in microbial community
structure directly affects the environmental quality and human health. Nanomaterial
interacts with microbes and disrupts their cell membrane or interferes with cell signaling, resulting in microbial disruption or induction of cell growth (Shahverdi et al.
2007). Distraction of microbial community structure affects the bottom of food
chain which impacted the soil health system in long term.
Matsumura et al. (2003) reported the possible reasons for toxicity of nanomaterial in microbes including interactions of nanomaterial with –SH group in respiratory enzymes prevent respiration, produce proton leakage by transport protein
binding, and removal of intracellular phosphate ions hinders phosphate inhibition
and pyrimidine dimerization by DNA binding. Galindo et al. (2013) studied the
effect of different nanoparticles against white-rot fungi species Lentinus sajor caju,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor at lab
scale. They found that metal nanoparticle (silver nanoparticles), Quantum dots (zinc
sulfite), metal oxide nanoparticles (Mo/NaO), and organic nanoparticles (SDS/
DDAB) significantly inhibited the growth of fungi with effects on the mycelium
chemical composition. It was observed that nanoparticle toxicity was not sizedependent because nanoparticles get aggregated in milli-Q water and increase in
size, but the toxicity was found due to dissociation of ions from respective metal
nanoparticles. The quantum dots showed maximum toxicity, which has been
reported as a cause of plasma membrane damage, mitochondrial membrane damage, and DNA fragmentation, which leads to the cell death (Hardman 2006).
Engineering nanomaterial (ENP) changes the physical properties of soil by
changing nutrient availability and increases bioavailability of contamination and
indirectly affected the soil microbial community.
4.4 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbial Flora
Soil microbial flora plays a huge role in soil fertility; it improves mobilization of
metals for plant growth. The health of soil is directly influenced by the presence of
biotic parameters (Doran and Zeiss 2000). Soil contains large numbers of organisms
H. Chhipa
inorganic nanoparticles characteristic, and initial capping agent provide the stability
in soil and water systems (Schaumann et al. 2015). Presence of humic substance and
polysaccharides in natural organic matter also play a role in molecular bridge formation between particles (Liu et al. 2010).
4.3 Interaction of Nanomaterial with Microbial
Communities
Microbes are an important component of the ecosystem and play a significant role
in ecological, hydrological, and geological cycles. Change in microbial community
structure directly affects the environmental quality and human health. Nanomaterial
interacts with microbes and disrupts their cell membrane or interferes with cell signaling, resulting in microbial disruption or induction of cell growth (Shahverdi et al.
2007). Distraction of microbial community structure affects the bottom of food
chain which impacted the soil health system in long term.
Matsumura et al. (2003) reported the possible reasons for toxicity of nanomaterial in microbes including interactions of nanomaterial with –SH group in respiratory enzymes prevent respiration, produce proton leakage by transport protein
binding, and removal of intracellular phosphate ions hinders phosphate inhibition
and pyrimidine dimerization by DNA binding. Galindo et al. (2013) studied the
effect of different nanoparticles against white-rot fungi species Lentinus sajor caju,
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Trametes versicolor at lab
scale. They found that metal nanoparticle (silver nanoparticles), Quantum dots (zinc
sulfite), metal oxide nanoparticles (Mo/NaO), and organic nanoparticles (SDS/
DDAB) significantly inhibited the growth of fungi with effects on the mycelium
chemical composition. It was observed that nanoparticle toxicity was not sizedependent because nanoparticles get aggregated in milli-Q water and increase in
size, but the toxicity was found due to dissociation of ions from respective metal
nanoparticles. The quantum dots showed maximum toxicity, which has been
reported as a cause of plasma membrane damage, mitochondrial membrane damage, and DNA fragmentation, which leads to the cell death (Hardman 2006).
Engineering nanomaterial (ENP) changes the physical properties of soil by
changing nutrient availability and increases bioavailability of contamination and
indirectly affected the soil microbial community.
4.4 Effect of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbial Flora
Soil microbial flora plays a huge role in soil fertility; it improves mobilization of
metals for plant growth. The health of soil is directly influenced by the presence of
biotic parameters (Doran and Zeiss 2000). Soil contains large numbers of organisms
H. Chhipa