58. Helm ML, Stewart MP, Bullock RM, DuBois MR, DuBois DL (2011) A synthetic nickel
electrocatalyst with a turnover frequency above 100,000 s(-)(1) for H(2) production. Science
333(6044):863–866
59. Fisher BJ, Eisenberg R (1980) Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using
macrocycles of nickel and cobalt. J Am Chem Soc 102(24):7361–7363
60. Umena Y, Kawakami K, Shen JR, Kamiya N (2011) Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving
photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 A. Nature 473(7345):55–60
61. Karkas MD, Verho O, Johnston EV, Akermark B (2014) Artificial photosynthesis: molecular
systems for catalytic water oxidation. Chem Rev 114(24):11863–12001
62. Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S (2004) Architecture of the
photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center. Science 303(5665):1831–1838
63. Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J (2005) Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 a resolution structure of photosystem II. Nature 438(7070):1040–1044
64. Yano J, Kern J, Irrgang KD, Latimer MJ, Bergmann U, Glatzel P, Pushkar Y, Biesiadka J,
Loll B, Sauer K, Messinger J, Zouni A, Yachandra VK (2005) X-ray damage to the Mn4Ca
complex in single crystals of photosystem II: a case study for metalloprotein crystallography.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(34):12047–12052
65. Yano J, Kern J, Sauer K, Latimer MJ, Pushkar Y, Biesiadka J, Loll B, Saenger W, Messinger J,
Zouni A, Yachandra VK (2006) Where water is oxidized to dioxygen: structure of the
photosynthetic Mn4Ca cluster. Science 314(5800):821–825
66. Kern J, Alonso-Mori R, Tran R, Hattne J, Gildea RJ, Echols N, Glockner C, Hellmich J,
Laksmono H, Sierra RG, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Koroidov S, Lampe A, Han G, Gul S, Difiore D,
Milathianaki D, Fry AR, Miahnahri A, Schafer DW, Messerschmidt M, Seibert MM, Koglin
JE, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Sellberg J, Latimer MJ, Grosse-Kunstleve RW, Zwart PH, White
WE, Glatzel P, Adams PD, Bogan MJ, Williams GJ, Boutet S, Messinger J, Zouni A, Sauter
NK, Yachandra VK, Bergmann U, Yano J (2013) Simultaneous femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction of photosystem II at room temperature. Science 340(6131):491–495
67. Cox N, Messinger J (2013) Reflections on substrate water and dioxygen formation. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1827(8–9):1020–1030
68. Glatzel P, Schroeder H, Pushkar Y, Boron 3rd T, Mukherjee S, Christou G, Pecoraro VL,
Messinger J, Yachandra VK, Bergmann U, Yano J (2013) Electronic structural changes of Mn
in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II during the catalytic cycle. Inorg Chem 52
(10):5642–5644
69. Rapatskiy L, Cox N, Savitsky A, Ames WM, Sander J, Nowaczyk MM, Rogner M,
Boussac A, Neese F, Messinger J, Lubitz W (2012) Detection of the water-binding sites of
the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II using W-band 17O electron-electron double
resonance-detected NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 134(40):16619–16634
70. Kulik LV, Epel B, Lubitz W, Messinger J (2007) Electronic structure of the Mn4OxCa cluster
in the S0 and S2 states of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II based on pulse
55Mn-ENDOR and EPR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 129(44):13421–13435
71. Haumann M, Liebisch P, Muller C, Barra M, Grabolle M, Dau H (2005) Photosynthetic O2
formation tracked by time-resolved x-ray experiments. Science 310(5750):1019–1021
72. Renger G, Renger T (2008) Photosystem II: the machinery of photosynthetic water splitting.
Photosynth Res 98(1–3):53–80
73. Kok B, Forbush B, McGloin M (1970) Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic
O2evolution–I. A linear four step mechanism. Photochem Photobiol 11(6):457–475
74. Parent AR, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW (2013) Comparison of primary oxidants for wateroxidation catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 42(6):2247–2252
75. Wadsworth E, Duke FR, Goetz CA (2002) Present status of cerium(IV)-cerium(III) potentials.
Anal Chem 29(12):1824–1825
76. Bolletta F, Juris A, Maestri M, Sandrini D (1980) Quantum yield of formation of the lowest
excited state of Ru(bpy)2+3 and Ru(phen)2+3. Inorg Chim Acta 44:L175–L176
The Application of Pincer Ligand in Catalytic Water Splitting
439
electrocatalyst with a turnover frequency above 100,000 s(-)(1) for H(2) production. Science
333(6044):863–866
59. Fisher BJ, Eisenberg R (1980) Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by using
macrocycles of nickel and cobalt. J Am Chem Soc 102(24):7361–7363
60. Umena Y, Kawakami K, Shen JR, Kamiya N (2011) Crystal structure of oxygen-evolving
photosystem II at a resolution of 1.9 A. Nature 473(7345):55–60
61. Karkas MD, Verho O, Johnston EV, Akermark B (2014) Artificial photosynthesis: molecular
systems for catalytic water oxidation. Chem Rev 114(24):11863–12001
62. Ferreira KN, Iverson TM, Maghlaoui K, Barber J, Iwata S (2004) Architecture of the
photosynthetic oxygen-evolving center. Science 303(5665):1831–1838
63. Loll B, Kern J, Saenger W, Zouni A, Biesiadka J (2005) Towards complete cofactor arrangement in the 3.0 a resolution structure of photosystem II. Nature 438(7070):1040–1044
64. Yano J, Kern J, Irrgang KD, Latimer MJ, Bergmann U, Glatzel P, Pushkar Y, Biesiadka J,
Loll B, Sauer K, Messinger J, Zouni A, Yachandra VK (2005) X-ray damage to the Mn4Ca
complex in single crystals of photosystem II: a case study for metalloprotein crystallography.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(34):12047–12052
65. Yano J, Kern J, Sauer K, Latimer MJ, Pushkar Y, Biesiadka J, Loll B, Saenger W, Messinger J,
Zouni A, Yachandra VK (2006) Where water is oxidized to dioxygen: structure of the
photosynthetic Mn4Ca cluster. Science 314(5800):821–825
66. Kern J, Alonso-Mori R, Tran R, Hattne J, Gildea RJ, Echols N, Glockner C, Hellmich J,
Laksmono H, Sierra RG, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Koroidov S, Lampe A, Han G, Gul S, Difiore D,
Milathianaki D, Fry AR, Miahnahri A, Schafer DW, Messerschmidt M, Seibert MM, Koglin
JE, Sokaras D, Weng TC, Sellberg J, Latimer MJ, Grosse-Kunstleve RW, Zwart PH, White
WE, Glatzel P, Adams PD, Bogan MJ, Williams GJ, Boutet S, Messinger J, Zouni A, Sauter
NK, Yachandra VK, Bergmann U, Yano J (2013) Simultaneous femtosecond X-ray spectroscopy and diffraction of photosystem II at room temperature. Science 340(6131):491–495
67. Cox N, Messinger J (2013) Reflections on substrate water and dioxygen formation. Biochim
Biophys Acta 1827(8–9):1020–1030
68. Glatzel P, Schroeder H, Pushkar Y, Boron 3rd T, Mukherjee S, Christou G, Pecoraro VL,
Messinger J, Yachandra VK, Bergmann U, Yano J (2013) Electronic structural changes of Mn
in the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II during the catalytic cycle. Inorg Chem 52
(10):5642–5644
69. Rapatskiy L, Cox N, Savitsky A, Ames WM, Sander J, Nowaczyk MM, Rogner M,
Boussac A, Neese F, Messinger J, Lubitz W (2012) Detection of the water-binding sites of
the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II using W-band 17O electron-electron double
resonance-detected NMR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 134(40):16619–16634
70. Kulik LV, Epel B, Lubitz W, Messinger J (2007) Electronic structure of the Mn4OxCa cluster
in the S0 and S2 states of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II based on pulse
55Mn-ENDOR and EPR spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 129(44):13421–13435
71. Haumann M, Liebisch P, Muller C, Barra M, Grabolle M, Dau H (2005) Photosynthetic O2
formation tracked by time-resolved x-ray experiments. Science 310(5750):1019–1021
72. Renger G, Renger T (2008) Photosystem II: the machinery of photosynthetic water splitting.
Photosynth Res 98(1–3):53–80
73. Kok B, Forbush B, McGloin M (1970) Cooperation of charges in photosynthetic
O2evolution–I. A linear four step mechanism. Photochem Photobiol 11(6):457–475
74. Parent AR, Crabtree RH, Brudvig GW (2013) Comparison of primary oxidants for wateroxidation catalysis. Chem Soc Rev 42(6):2247–2252
75. Wadsworth E, Duke FR, Goetz CA (2002) Present status of cerium(IV)-cerium(III) potentials.
Anal Chem 29(12):1824–1825
76. Bolletta F, Juris A, Maestri M, Sandrini D (1980) Quantum yield of formation of the lowest
excited state of Ru(bpy)2+3 and Ru(phen)2+3. Inorg Chim Acta 44:L175–L176
The Application of Pincer Ligand in Catalytic Water Splitting
439