46
3 Power Load on Plasma-Facing Materials
subjects in ITER. Recently, effects of runaway electrons, which are always accompanied with the disruption and appear at many plasma transient events, are concerned
and their suppression is tried [18]. Since its impact on PFM of present tokamaks has
not been serious. So how to simulate the effects of runaway electrons on PFM also
remain as a research subject.
References
1. R.A. Pitts, S. Carpentier, F. Escourbiac et al., Physics basis and design of the ITER plasmafacing components. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, S957–S964 (2011)
2. R. Wenninger, R. Albanese, R. Ambrosino et al., The DEMO wall load challenge. Nuclear
Fusion 57, 046002 (11 pp) (2017)
3. K. Ezato, S. Suzuki, K. Sato, M. Akiba, Development of DEMO Divertor with Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steel (F82H) in JAEA, Book of Abstracts, FT/P5-37, 226 p. IAEA
fusion energy conference; Chengdu (China); 16–21 Oct 2006
4. A. Kallenbach, M. Balden, R. Dux et al., Plasma surface interactions in impurity seeded
plasmas. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, S19–S26 (2011)
5. G. Federici, A. Zhitlukhin, N. Arkhipov et al., Effects of ELMs and disruptions on ITER
divertor armour materials. J. Nucl. Mater. 337–339, 684–690 (2005)
6. Yu.F. Baranov, C.D. Challis, J. Ongena, et al. Large ELM-like events triggered by core MHD
in JET advanced tokamak plasmas: impact on plasmas profiles, plasma-facing components and
heating systems. Nuclear Fusion 52, 023018 (14 pp) (2012)
7. R.A. Pitts, G. Arnoux, M. Beurskens, The impact of large ELMs on JET. J. Nucl. Mater.
390–391, 755–759 (2009)
8. E.M. Hollmann, P.B. Aleynikov, T. Fülöp et al., Status of research toward the ITER disruption
mitigation system. Physics Plasmas 22, 021802 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901251
9. L.R. Baylor, C.C. Barbier, J.R. Carmichael et al., Disruption mitigation system developments
and design for ITER. Fusion Sci. Technol. 68, 211–215 (2015)
10. R.A. Pitts, J.P. Coad, D.P. Coster, Material erosion and migration in tokamaks. Plasma Phys.
Control. Fusion 47, B303–B322 (2005)
11. V. Barabash, G. Federici, J. Linke et al., Material/plasma surface interaction issues following
neutron damage. J. Nucl. Mater. 313–316, 42–51 (2003)
12. T. Tanabe, Tritium: Fuel of Fusion Reactors. Springer Japan (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-4-431-56460-7
13. M. Ulrickson, The JET Team, The TFTR Team, A review of carbon blooms on JET and TFTR.
J. Nucl. Mater. 176 & 177, 44–50 (1990)
14. T. Nakano, H. Kubo, N. Asakura et al., Radiation process of carbon ions in JT-60U detached
divertor plasmas. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 255–258 (2009)
15. A.W. Leonard, Plasma detachment in divertor tokamaks. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 60,
044001 (2018)
16. M. Lehnen, A. Alonso, G. Arnoux et al., Disruption mitigation by massive gas injection in JET.
Nucl. Fusion 51, 123010 (2011)
17. E.M. Hollmann, P.B. Aleynikov, T. Fülöp et al., Status of research toward the ITER disruption
mitigation system. Physics Plasmas 22(2015)021802. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901251
18. R.S. Granetz, B. Esposito, J.H. Kim et al., An ITPA joint experiment to study runaway electron
generation and suppression. Phys. Plasmas 21, 072506 (2014)
3 Power Load on Plasma-Facing Materials
subjects in ITER. Recently, effects of runaway electrons, which are always accompanied with the disruption and appear at many plasma transient events, are concerned
and their suppression is tried [18]. Since its impact on PFM of present tokamaks has
not been serious. So how to simulate the effects of runaway electrons on PFM also
remain as a research subject.
References
1. R.A. Pitts, S. Carpentier, F. Escourbiac et al., Physics basis and design of the ITER plasmafacing components. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, S957–S964 (2011)
2. R. Wenninger, R. Albanese, R. Ambrosino et al., The DEMO wall load challenge. Nuclear
Fusion 57, 046002 (11 pp) (2017)
3. K. Ezato, S. Suzuki, K. Sato, M. Akiba, Development of DEMO Divertor with Reduced Activation Ferritic/Martensitic Steel (F82H) in JAEA, Book of Abstracts, FT/P5-37, 226 p. IAEA
fusion energy conference; Chengdu (China); 16–21 Oct 2006
4. A. Kallenbach, M. Balden, R. Dux et al., Plasma surface interactions in impurity seeded
plasmas. J. Nucl. Mater. 415, S19–S26 (2011)
5. G. Federici, A. Zhitlukhin, N. Arkhipov et al., Effects of ELMs and disruptions on ITER
divertor armour materials. J. Nucl. Mater. 337–339, 684–690 (2005)
6. Yu.F. Baranov, C.D. Challis, J. Ongena, et al. Large ELM-like events triggered by core MHD
in JET advanced tokamak plasmas: impact on plasmas profiles, plasma-facing components and
heating systems. Nuclear Fusion 52, 023018 (14 pp) (2012)
7. R.A. Pitts, G. Arnoux, M. Beurskens, The impact of large ELMs on JET. J. Nucl. Mater.
390–391, 755–759 (2009)
8. E.M. Hollmann, P.B. Aleynikov, T. Fülöp et al., Status of research toward the ITER disruption
mitigation system. Physics Plasmas 22, 021802 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901251
9. L.R. Baylor, C.C. Barbier, J.R. Carmichael et al., Disruption mitigation system developments
and design for ITER. Fusion Sci. Technol. 68, 211–215 (2015)
10. R.A. Pitts, J.P. Coad, D.P. Coster, Material erosion and migration in tokamaks. Plasma Phys.
Control. Fusion 47, B303–B322 (2005)
11. V. Barabash, G. Federici, J. Linke et al., Material/plasma surface interaction issues following
neutron damage. J. Nucl. Mater. 313–316, 42–51 (2003)
12. T. Tanabe, Tritium: Fuel of Fusion Reactors. Springer Japan (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/
978-4-431-56460-7
13. M. Ulrickson, The JET Team, The TFTR Team, A review of carbon blooms on JET and TFTR.
J. Nucl. Mater. 176 & 177, 44–50 (1990)
14. T. Nakano, H. Kubo, N. Asakura et al., Radiation process of carbon ions in JT-60U detached
divertor plasmas. J. Nucl. Mater. 390–391, 255–258 (2009)
15. A.W. Leonard, Plasma detachment in divertor tokamaks. Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 60,
044001 (2018)
16. M. Lehnen, A. Alonso, G. Arnoux et al., Disruption mitigation by massive gas injection in JET.
Nucl. Fusion 51, 123010 (2011)
17. E.M. Hollmann, P.B. Aleynikov, T. Fülöp et al., Status of research toward the ITER disruption
mitigation system. Physics Plasmas 22(2015)021802. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4901251
18. R.S. Granetz, B. Esposito, J.H. Kim et al., An ITPA joint experiment to study runaway electron
generation and suppression. Phys. Plasmas 21, 072506 (2014)