21. (a) Barton Cole E, Bocarsly AB (2010) Photochemical, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. In: Aresta M (ed) Carbon dioxide as chemical feedstock.
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (b) Li W (2010) Electrocatalytic
reduction of CO 2 to small organic molecule fuels on metal catalysts. In: Hu Y (ed) Advances
in CO 2 conversion and utilization. ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC, pp. 55–76; (c) Gennaro A, Isse AA, Severin M-G, Vianello E, Bhugun I,
Savéant J-M (1996) Mechanism of the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide at inert
electrodes in media of low proton availability. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 92:3963–3968
22. Wardman P (1989) Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in
aqueous solutions. J Chem Ref Data 18:1637–1756
23. (a) Herzberg G (1966) Molecular spectra and molecular structure. III. Electronic spectra and
electronic structure of polyatomic molecules. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York; (b) Johnson MA, Rostas J (1995) Vibronic structure of the CO 2
+ ion: reinvestigation of the
antisymmetric stretch vibration in the X, Ã, and B states. Mol Phys 85:839–868; (c) Gauyacq D,
Larcher C, Rostas J (1979) The emission spectrum of the CO 2
+ ion: rovibronic analysis of the
Ã
2
P u − X
2
P g band system. Can J Phys 57:1634–1649; (d) Gauyacq D, Horani M, Leach S,
Rostas J (1975) The emission spectrum of the CO 2
+ ion: B
2
R u
+ − X
2
P g band system. Can J
Phys 53:2040–2059
24. (a) Horsley JA, Fink WH (1969) Study of the electronic structure of the ions CO 2
+ and N 2 O
+
by the LCAO-MO-SCF method. J Phys B (Atom Mol Phys) Ser 2(2):1261–1270;
(b) Grimm FA, Larsson M (1984) A theoretical investigation on the low lying electronic
states of CO 2
+ in both linear and bent configurations. Physica Scripta 29:337–343;
(c) Chambaud G, Gabriel W, Rosmus P, Rostas J (1992) Ro-vibronic states in the electronic
ground state of CO 2
+ (X
2
P g ). J Phys Chem 96:3285–3293; (d) Gellene GI (1998) CO 2
+ : a
difficult molecule for electron correlation. Chem Phys Lett 287:315–319
25. (a) Yang M, Zhang L, Zhuang X, Lai L, Yu S (2008) The [1 + 1] two-photon dissociation
spectra of CO 2
+ via Ã
2
P u,1/2 (m 1 m 2 0) X
2
P g,1/2 (000) transitions. J Chem Phys 128:164308, 1–
7; (b) King SJ, Price SD (2008) Electron ionization of CO 2 . Int J Mass Spectrom 272:154–
164; (c) Liu J, Chen W, Hochlaf N, Qian X, Chang C, Ng CY (2003) Unimolecular decay
pathways of state-selected CO 2
+ in the internal energy range of 5.2–6.2 eV: an experimental
and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 118:149–163
26. Siegmann B, Werner U, Lutz HO, Mann R (2002) Complete coulomb fragmentation of CO 2
in collisions with 5.9 MeV u
−1 Xe
18+ and Xe
43+ . J Phys B (At Mol Opt Phys) 35:3755–3766
27. (a) Rothman LS, Hawkins RL, Wattson RB, Gamache RR (1992) Energy levels, intensities,
and linewidths of atmospheric carbon dioxide bands. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer
48:537–566; (b) Fox K (1972) High resolution infrared spectroscopy of planetary
atmospheres. In: Rao KN, Mathews CW (eds) Molecular spectroscopy: modern research.
Academic press, New York; (c) White DW, Gerakines PA, Cook AM, Whittet DCB (2009)
Laboratory spectra of the CO 2 bending-mode feature in interstellar ice analogues subject to
thermal processing. Astrophys J Suppl S 180:182–191
28. Gibson DH (1996) The organometallic chemistry of carbon dioxide. Chem Rev 96:2063–
2095
29. (a) Jegat C, Fouassier M, Mascetti J (1991) Carbon dioxide coordination chemistry. 1.
Vibrational study of trans-Mo(CO 2 ) 2 (PMe 3 ) 4 and Fe(CO 2 ) (PMe 3 ) 4 . Inorg Chem 30:1521–
1529; (b) Jegat C, Fouassier M, Tranquille M, Mascetti J (1991) Carbon dioxide coordination
chemistry. 2. Synthesis and FTIR study of Cp 2 Ti(CO 2 ) (PMe 3 ). Inorg Chem 30:1529–1536;
(c) Jegat C, Fouassier M, Tranquille M, Mascetti J, Tommasi I, Aresta M, Ingold F, Dedieu A
(1993) Carbon dioxide coordination chemistry. 3. Vibrational, NMR, and theoretical studies
of Ni(CO 2 )(PCy 3 ) 2 . Inorg Chem 32:1279–1289
30. (a) Shimanouchi T (1972) Tables of molecular vibrational frequencies, consolidated Volume I.
NSRDS-NBS (US) 39:1–164; (b) van Broekhuizen FA, Groot IMN, Fraser HJ, van
Dishoeck EF, Schlemmer S (2006) Infrared spectroscopy of solid CO–CO 2 mixtures and
layers. A&A 451:723–731; (c) Falk M, Miller AG (1992) Infrared spectrum of carbon dioxide
in aqueous solution. Vibr Spectrosc 4:105–108
References
119
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (b) Li W (2010) Electrocatalytic
reduction of CO 2 to small organic molecule fuels on metal catalysts. In: Hu Y (ed) Advances
in CO 2 conversion and utilization. ACS Symposium Series, American Chemical Society,
Washington, DC, pp. 55–76; (c) Gennaro A, Isse AA, Severin M-G, Vianello E, Bhugun I,
Savéant J-M (1996) Mechanism of the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide at inert
electrodes in media of low proton availability. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 92:3963–3968
22. Wardman P (1989) Reduction potentials of one-electron couples involving free radicals in
aqueous solutions. J Chem Ref Data 18:1637–1756
23. (a) Herzberg G (1966) Molecular spectra and molecular structure. III. Electronic spectra and
electronic structure of polyatomic molecules. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York; (b) Johnson MA, Rostas J (1995) Vibronic structure of the CO 2
+ ion: reinvestigation of the
antisymmetric stretch vibration in the X, Ã, and B states. Mol Phys 85:839–868; (c) Gauyacq D,
Larcher C, Rostas J (1979) The emission spectrum of the CO 2
+ ion: rovibronic analysis of the
Ã
2
P u − X
2
P g band system. Can J Phys 57:1634–1649; (d) Gauyacq D, Horani M, Leach S,
Rostas J (1975) The emission spectrum of the CO 2
+ ion: B
2
R u
+ − X
2
P g band system. Can J
Phys 53:2040–2059
24. (a) Horsley JA, Fink WH (1969) Study of the electronic structure of the ions CO 2
+ and N 2 O
+
by the LCAO-MO-SCF method. J Phys B (Atom Mol Phys) Ser 2(2):1261–1270;
(b) Grimm FA, Larsson M (1984) A theoretical investigation on the low lying electronic
states of CO 2
+ in both linear and bent configurations. Physica Scripta 29:337–343;
(c) Chambaud G, Gabriel W, Rosmus P, Rostas J (1992) Ro-vibronic states in the electronic
ground state of CO 2
+ (X
2
P g ). J Phys Chem 96:3285–3293; (d) Gellene GI (1998) CO 2
+ : a
difficult molecule for electron correlation. Chem Phys Lett 287:315–319
25. (a) Yang M, Zhang L, Zhuang X, Lai L, Yu S (2008) The [1 + 1] two-photon dissociation
spectra of CO 2
+ via Ã
2
P u,1/2 (m 1 m 2 0) X
2
P g,1/2 (000) transitions. J Chem Phys 128:164308, 1–
7; (b) King SJ, Price SD (2008) Electron ionization of CO 2 . Int J Mass Spectrom 272:154–
164; (c) Liu J, Chen W, Hochlaf N, Qian X, Chang C, Ng CY (2003) Unimolecular decay
pathways of state-selected CO 2
+ in the internal energy range of 5.2–6.2 eV: an experimental
and theoretical study. J Chem Phys 118:149–163
26. Siegmann B, Werner U, Lutz HO, Mann R (2002) Complete coulomb fragmentation of CO 2
in collisions with 5.9 MeV u
−1 Xe
18+ and Xe
43+ . J Phys B (At Mol Opt Phys) 35:3755–3766
27. (a) Rothman LS, Hawkins RL, Wattson RB, Gamache RR (1992) Energy levels, intensities,
and linewidths of atmospheric carbon dioxide bands. J Quant Spectrosc Radiat Transfer
48:537–566; (b) Fox K (1972) High resolution infrared spectroscopy of planetary
atmospheres. In: Rao KN, Mathews CW (eds) Molecular spectroscopy: modern research.
Academic press, New York; (c) White DW, Gerakines PA, Cook AM, Whittet DCB (2009)
Laboratory spectra of the CO 2 bending-mode feature in interstellar ice analogues subject to
thermal processing. Astrophys J Suppl S 180:182–191
28. Gibson DH (1996) The organometallic chemistry of carbon dioxide. Chem Rev 96:2063–
2095
29. (a) Jegat C, Fouassier M, Mascetti J (1991) Carbon dioxide coordination chemistry. 1.
Vibrational study of trans-Mo(CO 2 ) 2 (PMe 3 ) 4 and Fe(CO 2 ) (PMe 3 ) 4 . Inorg Chem 30:1521–
1529; (b) Jegat C, Fouassier M, Tranquille M, Mascetti J (1991) Carbon dioxide coordination
chemistry. 2. Synthesis and FTIR study of Cp 2 Ti(CO 2 ) (PMe 3 ). Inorg Chem 30:1529–1536;
(c) Jegat C, Fouassier M, Tranquille M, Mascetti J, Tommasi I, Aresta M, Ingold F, Dedieu A
(1993) Carbon dioxide coordination chemistry. 3. Vibrational, NMR, and theoretical studies
of Ni(CO 2 )(PCy 3 ) 2 . Inorg Chem 32:1279–1289
30. (a) Shimanouchi T (1972) Tables of molecular vibrational frequencies, consolidated Volume I.
NSRDS-NBS (US) 39:1–164; (b) van Broekhuizen FA, Groot IMN, Fraser HJ, van
Dishoeck EF, Schlemmer S (2006) Infrared spectroscopy of solid CO–CO 2 mixtures and
layers. A&A 451:723–731; (c) Falk M, Miller AG (1992) Infrared spectrum of carbon dioxide
in aqueous solution. Vibr Spectrosc 4:105–108
References
119