616
M. Huda et al.
potential of EV utilization for load leveling and frequency regulation in Indonesia is
briefly described in this study. Massive EV adoption and participation in V2G can
be considered as a potential method for achieving a high quality of electricity in the
country. The results show that the peak supply from fossil fuels is effectively reduced
by up to 2.81% (for coal) and 8.94% (for gas) in Case 5, i.e., EVs that stay home
the entire day except on the weekends, as representative of commuter behavior in a
metropolitan city. The driving pattern of Case 4 is one option, as commuting workers
with EVs reduce the fossil generation supply especially gas fuel by approximately
2.8% (for coal) and 8.8% (for gas).
Power company gets the benefit of increasing the power consumption, owing to
EVs charging in the night (off-peak period), and of reducing the cost of fossil fuels,
which only peaks in certain periods. The calculation shows that when the V2G is
used to partly substitute for the supply from gas, the power company can improve
cost of generation on peak with V2G by approximately 26.5% in case 5 with a natural
tariff.
As the share of renewable energy to the total electricity load is high, it is considered
that the potential for frequency regulation by EVs will increase accordingly. Several
challenges and barriers related to the utilization of EVs for grid ancillary services
need to be analyzed and solved urgently, as the number of EVs is increasing sharply.
References
Aziz M, Oda T, Kashiwagi T (2015) Extended utilization of electric vehicles and their re-used
batteries to support the building energy management system. Energy Proc 75:1938–1943
Aziz M, Huda M, Nandiyanto A, Indonesia UP, Abdullah AG, Indonesia UP (2018) Opportunity
of frequency regulation using electric vehicles in Denmark. J Eng Sci Technol 13
Balamurugan K, Srinivasan D, Reindl T (2012) Impact of distributed generation on power
distribution systems 25:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.013
Dallinger D, Gerda S, Wietschel M (2013) Integration of intermittent renewable power supply
using grid-connected vehicles - A 2030 case study for California and Germany. Appl Energy
104:666–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.065
Dubarry M, Devie A, McKenzie K (2017) Durability and reliability of electric vehicle batteries
under electric utility grid operations: bidirectional charging impact analysis. J Power Sources
358:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.015
Gayathri N, Vineeth VV, Radhika N (2015) A novel approach in demand side management for
smart home. Proc Technol 21:526–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.10.043
Gelazanskas L, Gamage KAA (2014) Demand side management in smart grid: a review and
proposals for future direction. Sustain Cities Soc 11:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.
11.001
Hall S, Roelich K (2016) Business model innovation in electricity supply markets: the role of
complex value in the United Kingdom. Energy Policy 92:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
enpol.2016.02.019
Huda M, Aziz M, Tokimatsu K (2018) Potential ancillary services of electric vehicles (vehicle-togrid) in Indonesia. Energy Proc 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.172
Huda M, Tokimatsu K, Aziz M (n.d) Techno-economic study of vehicle to grid (V2G) Implementation in Java Bali Power System, Indonesia
M. Huda et al.
potential of EV utilization for load leveling and frequency regulation in Indonesia is
briefly described in this study. Massive EV adoption and participation in V2G can
be considered as a potential method for achieving a high quality of electricity in the
country. The results show that the peak supply from fossil fuels is effectively reduced
by up to 2.81% (for coal) and 8.94% (for gas) in Case 5, i.e., EVs that stay home
the entire day except on the weekends, as representative of commuter behavior in a
metropolitan city. The driving pattern of Case 4 is one option, as commuting workers
with EVs reduce the fossil generation supply especially gas fuel by approximately
2.8% (for coal) and 8.8% (for gas).
Power company gets the benefit of increasing the power consumption, owing to
EVs charging in the night (off-peak period), and of reducing the cost of fossil fuels,
which only peaks in certain periods. The calculation shows that when the V2G is
used to partly substitute for the supply from gas, the power company can improve
cost of generation on peak with V2G by approximately 26.5% in case 5 with a natural
tariff.
As the share of renewable energy to the total electricity load is high, it is considered
that the potential for frequency regulation by EVs will increase accordingly. Several
challenges and barriers related to the utilization of EVs for grid ancillary services
need to be analyzed and solved urgently, as the number of EVs is increasing sharply.
References
Aziz M, Oda T, Kashiwagi T (2015) Extended utilization of electric vehicles and their re-used
batteries to support the building energy management system. Energy Proc 75:1938–1943
Aziz M, Huda M, Nandiyanto A, Indonesia UP, Abdullah AG, Indonesia UP (2018) Opportunity
of frequency regulation using electric vehicles in Denmark. J Eng Sci Technol 13
Balamurugan K, Srinivasan D, Reindl T (2012) Impact of distributed generation on power
distribution systems 25:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2012.07.013
Dallinger D, Gerda S, Wietschel M (2013) Integration of intermittent renewable power supply
using grid-connected vehicles - A 2030 case study for California and Germany. Appl Energy
104:666–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.10.065
Dubarry M, Devie A, McKenzie K (2017) Durability and reliability of electric vehicle batteries
under electric utility grid operations: bidirectional charging impact analysis. J Power Sources
358:39–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.05.015
Gayathri N, Vineeth VV, Radhika N (2015) A novel approach in demand side management for
smart home. Proc Technol 21:526–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2015.10.043
Gelazanskas L, Gamage KAA (2014) Demand side management in smart grid: a review and
proposals for future direction. Sustain Cities Soc 11:22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2013.
11.001
Hall S, Roelich K (2016) Business model innovation in electricity supply markets: the role of
complex value in the United Kingdom. Energy Policy 92:286–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
enpol.2016.02.019
Huda M, Aziz M, Tokimatsu K (2018) Potential ancillary services of electric vehicles (vehicle-togrid) in Indonesia. Energy Proc 152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.172
Huda M, Tokimatsu K, Aziz M (n.d) Techno-economic study of vehicle to grid (V2G) Implementation in Java Bali Power System, Indonesia