26 Ecological Cost-Benefit Analysis of a Sensor-Based Parking …
407
The approach route of the road maintenance department, the used generator for
drilling and the polyurethane sealing the drill hole, characterizes the environmental
assessment of the whole roll out process. This roll out process is essential to calculate a Global Warming Potential (GWP) for the sensor used within “Park&Joy”. In
comparison with the materials of one sensor, the roll out is about 34% of the total
sensor environmental impact, as seen in Fig. 26.4. Though, the approach route vary
from city to city, as different road maintenance departments are in response. The
calculated GWP for the driven kilometers for the roll out are orientated towards the
conditions of the city of Hamburg.
In summary, one sensor has a GWP of 8.8 kg CO 2 eq. Including the roll out the
GWP increases to 11.8 kg CO 2 eq per sensor. The study shows by far the highest
environmental impact for chips (3.3 kg CO 2 eq) and printed circuit boards (3.1 kg
CO 2 eq), followed by passive components (1.2 kg CO 2 eq) and polyurethane (1.1 kg
CO 2 eq), which is used to attach sensors to the asphalt. Since the production of the
battery has a much higher global warming potential than the initial charge and the
sensor design does not provide for further charging cycles or battery replacement, a
functioning power management is both economically and ecologically relevant.
26.3.3 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Server
The server infrastructure, as described in Sect. 2.2, is static and does not scale
with increasing number of sensors. Hence, the preparatory study for implementing
measures of the Ecodesign Directive (Berwald et al. 2015) in combination with the
evaluated server infrastructure allows to calculate a GWP for server use per year of
12,268.17 kg CO 2 eq.
However, the influence of a possible increasing environmental burden through
growing or multiplying compute centers for the “Park&Joy” application is investigated in Sect. 5.3.
26.4 Cost-Benefit Model
The cost-benefit model bases on the methodical approach of the hardware’s simplified
life cycle assessment in combination with a probability model of a parking attempt
and some assumptions for reference scenario. The reason to use this approach is to
provide a detailed comparison of cost from manufacture and operation of “Park&Joy”
(CO 2 emission of sensor and server systems) and benefit from the saved driving
kilometers (CO 2 and NO x emission).
407
The approach route of the road maintenance department, the used generator for
drilling and the polyurethane sealing the drill hole, characterizes the environmental
assessment of the whole roll out process. This roll out process is essential to calculate a Global Warming Potential (GWP) for the sensor used within “Park&Joy”. In
comparison with the materials of one sensor, the roll out is about 34% of the total
sensor environmental impact, as seen in Fig. 26.4. Though, the approach route vary
from city to city, as different road maintenance departments are in response. The
calculated GWP for the driven kilometers for the roll out are orientated towards the
conditions of the city of Hamburg.
In summary, one sensor has a GWP of 8.8 kg CO 2 eq. Including the roll out the
GWP increases to 11.8 kg CO 2 eq per sensor. The study shows by far the highest
environmental impact for chips (3.3 kg CO 2 eq) and printed circuit boards (3.1 kg
CO 2 eq), followed by passive components (1.2 kg CO 2 eq) and polyurethane (1.1 kg
CO 2 eq), which is used to attach sensors to the asphalt. Since the production of the
battery has a much higher global warming potential than the initial charge and the
sensor design does not provide for further charging cycles or battery replacement, a
functioning power management is both economically and ecologically relevant.
26.3.3 Simplified Life Cycle Assessment of the Server
The server infrastructure, as described in Sect. 2.2, is static and does not scale
with increasing number of sensors. Hence, the preparatory study for implementing
measures of the Ecodesign Directive (Berwald et al. 2015) in combination with the
evaluated server infrastructure allows to calculate a GWP for server use per year of
12,268.17 kg CO 2 eq.
However, the influence of a possible increasing environmental burden through
growing or multiplying compute centers for the “Park&Joy” application is investigated in Sect. 5.3.
26.4 Cost-Benefit Model
The cost-benefit model bases on the methodical approach of the hardware’s simplified
life cycle assessment in combination with a probability model of a parking attempt
and some assumptions for reference scenario. The reason to use this approach is to
provide a detailed comparison of cost from manufacture and operation of “Park&Joy”
(CO 2 emission of sensor and server systems) and benefit from the saved driving
kilometers (CO 2 and NO x emission).