16 Towards Intercity Cooperation: Comparison of Spatial Transport …
245
is categorized on a basis of inter-city distance. The gap of spatial transport energy
intensity is computed in the following equation.
STEI = STEI peripheral city − STEI central city
(16.6)
The peripheral cities are plotted on the gap of STEI versus the STEI in its
associated central city graph.
The relations between central and peripheral cities from the perspectives of spatial
transport energy intensity and city scale will then be analyzed. The difference in the
city scale is described in the form of population in the peripheral city over population
in the central city, referred to as the population gap rate. The less population gap rate
corresponds to the greater gap of city scale in this study.
16.2.5 Data Collection
The energy consumption rate of each of the compositions and the fuels is taken from
MiLCA (Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry 2005). The data
for the fuel production including gasoline, light diesel and electricity (electricity mix
in 2010) is taken from Japan Automobiles Research Institute (Japan Automobiles
Research Institute 2010).
In the case of a sidewalk, material consumption during the manufacturing phase
for walk equals zero and it is assumed that the composition of bicycle is steel. Energy
consumption during the operational phase in the both walk and bicycle is assumed
to be zero. In the case of roadways, Corolla Fielder (Toyota) represents automobile.
The data for automobile is obtained from the author’s previous study (Kosai et al.
2018). The data of ERGA (Isuzu Motors Limited) for the bus is taken from Kudo’s
work (Kudo et al. 2007). In the case of railways, Yamanote line 205 system (JREAST) data is taken for the electric train from the report of The Institute of Energy
Economics, Japan (IEEJ) (Oki 2002).
The data of modal split, population, and geographical characteristics in 44 cities in
Japan is taken from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport 2012), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
(Statistics Japan 2017) and Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (Geospatial
Information Authority of Japan 2017), respectively.
245
is categorized on a basis of inter-city distance. The gap of spatial transport energy
intensity is computed in the following equation.
STEI = STEI peripheral city − STEI central city
(16.6)
The peripheral cities are plotted on the gap of STEI versus the STEI in its
associated central city graph.
The relations between central and peripheral cities from the perspectives of spatial
transport energy intensity and city scale will then be analyzed. The difference in the
city scale is described in the form of population in the peripheral city over population
in the central city, referred to as the population gap rate. The less population gap rate
corresponds to the greater gap of city scale in this study.
16.2.5 Data Collection
The energy consumption rate of each of the compositions and the fuels is taken from
MiLCA (Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry 2005). The data
for the fuel production including gasoline, light diesel and electricity (electricity mix
in 2010) is taken from Japan Automobiles Research Institute (Japan Automobiles
Research Institute 2010).
In the case of a sidewalk, material consumption during the manufacturing phase
for walk equals zero and it is assumed that the composition of bicycle is steel. Energy
consumption during the operational phase in the both walk and bicycle is assumed
to be zero. In the case of roadways, Corolla Fielder (Toyota) represents automobile.
The data for automobile is obtained from the author’s previous study (Kosai et al.
2018). The data of ERGA (Isuzu Motors Limited) for the bus is taken from Kudo’s
work (Kudo et al. 2007). In the case of railways, Yamanote line 205 system (JREAST) data is taken for the electric train from the report of The Institute of Energy
Economics, Japan (IEEJ) (Oki 2002).
The data of modal split, population, and geographical characteristics in 44 cities in
Japan is taken from Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport 2012), Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
(Statistics Japan 2017) and Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (Geospatial
Information Authority of Japan 2017), respectively.