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M. Kohno and M. Hirao
Abbreviations
*1: PFOA/PFOS
Perfluorooctanoic acid/Perfluorooctane sulfonate
*2: PFASs
Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates
*3: SAICM
Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
*4: ELV Directive
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
*5: RoHS Directive
Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain
Hazardous Substances in Electrical Equipment
*6: JGPSSI
Japan Green Procurement Survey Standardization Initiative
*7: JAMP
Joint Article Management Promotion-consortium
*8: CSCL
Chemical Substances Control Law
*9: TSCA
Toxic Substance Control Act
*10: REACH Regulation Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization
and Restriction of Chemicals
*11: SVHC
Substances of very high concern
*12: RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
*13: HSWA
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
*14: CLP Regulations
Regulations on classification, labelling and packaging of
substances and mixtures
*15: POPs Regulations
Regulations on persistent organic pollutants
13.1 Introduction
Over 85,000 chemicals are currently produced (To et al. 2018; US EPA OCSPP 2016),
with 1000 new chemicals introduced every year (Meng and Liu 2010). Some are so
hazardous for the environment or human beings that we recognise the need to control
them. Thus, chemical management (CM) systems and laws have a long history in
many countries/regions. However, control of chemicals is clearly insufficient. For
instance, in Indonesia, mercury poisons gold miners throughout the country, and
the threat continues to escalate (Pressly 2013). In the US, PFOA/PFOS
*1 , which
has an adverse effect on people, was discovered in drinking water, and eight major
companies in the PFASs
*2 industry voluntarily agreed to phase out production in
2000 (EPA 2017). In 2017, DuPont settled over 3500 lawsuits for 671 million dollars
(Nair 2017).
There are several CM bottlenecks, such as the large number of chemicals, lack
of data for risk assessment, and difficulty of regulating consumer products. The
so-called “chemicals in products” (CiP) or “chemicals in articles” is one such bottleneck. Chemicals are not always used individually but may be in a product, and in
such cases, it seems more difficult to obtain the relevant information. We need information on CiP because of legal requirements, consumer interests, product safety and
M. Kohno and M. Hirao
Abbreviations
*1: PFOA/PFOS
Perfluorooctanoic acid/Perfluorooctane sulfonate
*2: PFASs
Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates
*3: SAICM
Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
*4: ELV Directive
End-of-Life Vehicles Directive
*5: RoHS Directive
Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain
Hazardous Substances in Electrical Equipment
*6: JGPSSI
Japan Green Procurement Survey Standardization Initiative
*7: JAMP
Joint Article Management Promotion-consortium
*8: CSCL
Chemical Substances Control Law
*9: TSCA
Toxic Substance Control Act
*10: REACH Regulation Regulation for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization
and Restriction of Chemicals
*11: SVHC
Substances of very high concern
*12: RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
*13: HSWA
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
*14: CLP Regulations
Regulations on classification, labelling and packaging of
substances and mixtures
*15: POPs Regulations
Regulations on persistent organic pollutants
13.1 Introduction
Over 85,000 chemicals are currently produced (To et al. 2018; US EPA OCSPP 2016),
with 1000 new chemicals introduced every year (Meng and Liu 2010). Some are so
hazardous for the environment or human beings that we recognise the need to control
them. Thus, chemical management (CM) systems and laws have a long history in
many countries/regions. However, control of chemicals is clearly insufficient. For
instance, in Indonesia, mercury poisons gold miners throughout the country, and
the threat continues to escalate (Pressly 2013). In the US, PFOA/PFOS
*1 , which
has an adverse effect on people, was discovered in drinking water, and eight major
companies in the PFASs
*2 industry voluntarily agreed to phase out production in
2000 (EPA 2017). In 2017, DuPont settled over 3500 lawsuits for 671 million dollars
(Nair 2017).
There are several CM bottlenecks, such as the large number of chemicals, lack
of data for risk assessment, and difficulty of regulating consumer products. The
so-called “chemicals in products” (CiP) or “chemicals in articles” is one such bottleneck. Chemicals are not always used individually but may be in a product, and in
such cases, it seems more difficult to obtain the relevant information. We need information on CiP because of legal requirements, consumer interests, product safety and