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S. Kosai and E. Yamasue
reach in the range between 11.8 and 14.6 Mton-TMR/Mton. In particular, the recent
study revealed that TMR is highly associated with environmental and ecological
issues due to mining activities and the specific TMR represents the environmental
and ecological impacts arising from mining activities. The forecasted acceleration
of overall specific TMR alarmingly raises the environmental and ecological burdens
arising from mining activities. The developed algorithm to conduct the material flow
analysis by using the bottom-up approach for the calculation of TMR can be readily
implemented in any country confronting the issue of sustainable material utilization.
It may of use to policymakers in designing more well-grounded material management
policy.
Keywords Total material requirements · Direct material input · Material flow
analysis · Projection · Mining
11.1 Introduction
In last decades, the global landscape of material utilization has been drastically
changed due to the expansion of world population and the rapid growth of industrialization in developing countries. Sustainable material utilization is of fundamental
importance to secure economic activities and human wellbeing. Particularly, material
inputs in economic activities and material outputs back to earth have a significant
pressure on the environment (Bringezu et al. 2003).
Economy-wide material flow analysis (EW-MFA) has been widely utilized for
better understanding of the current national material situation (Bringezu et al. 1998).
EW-MFA enables the physical material mass flow to be quantified throughout global
economy and national material utilization (Kovanda and Weinzettel 2017). The
diachronic availability of data collection makes it possible to assess the historical
transition of national material flow (Schandl and West 2010).
Various indicators have been developed for EW-MFA (Eurostat 2001). Generally, direct material input (DMI) is a well-established attribute (Patrício et al. 2015).
DMI is the sum of domestic extraction used with imports. Meanwhile, the main
concern of DMI is a difficulty of setting a proper calculation boundary (Kovanda and
Weinzettel 2013). For instance, the total amount of ore is computed in the case of
domestic extraction, while only mass of imported semi-finished or finished product is
accounted for under the case of metal import (Eurostat 2016). As a result, this discrepancy of recording weight between domestic extraction and import/export leads to a
proposal on raw material equivalents (RME) (Muñoz et al. 2009).
Raw material equivalents are defined as the sum of all raw materials needed for
the production (Kovanda and Weinzettel 2013). DMI is reflected with direct material
flow referring the actual mass of product, while RME covers indirect material flow
indicating accumulative material requirements to manufacture a product (Schoer
S. Kosai and E. Yamasue
reach in the range between 11.8 and 14.6 Mton-TMR/Mton. In particular, the recent
study revealed that TMR is highly associated with environmental and ecological
issues due to mining activities and the specific TMR represents the environmental
and ecological impacts arising from mining activities. The forecasted acceleration
of overall specific TMR alarmingly raises the environmental and ecological burdens
arising from mining activities. The developed algorithm to conduct the material flow
analysis by using the bottom-up approach for the calculation of TMR can be readily
implemented in any country confronting the issue of sustainable material utilization.
It may of use to policymakers in designing more well-grounded material management
policy.
Keywords Total material requirements · Direct material input · Material flow
analysis · Projection · Mining
11.1 Introduction
In last decades, the global landscape of material utilization has been drastically
changed due to the expansion of world population and the rapid growth of industrialization in developing countries. Sustainable material utilization is of fundamental
importance to secure economic activities and human wellbeing. Particularly, material
inputs in economic activities and material outputs back to earth have a significant
pressure on the environment (Bringezu et al. 2003).
Economy-wide material flow analysis (EW-MFA) has been widely utilized for
better understanding of the current national material situation (Bringezu et al. 1998).
EW-MFA enables the physical material mass flow to be quantified throughout global
economy and national material utilization (Kovanda and Weinzettel 2017). The
diachronic availability of data collection makes it possible to assess the historical
transition of national material flow (Schandl and West 2010).
Various indicators have been developed for EW-MFA (Eurostat 2001). Generally, direct material input (DMI) is a well-established attribute (Patrício et al. 2015).
DMI is the sum of domestic extraction used with imports. Meanwhile, the main
concern of DMI is a difficulty of setting a proper calculation boundary (Kovanda and
Weinzettel 2013). For instance, the total amount of ore is computed in the case of
domestic extraction, while only mass of imported semi-finished or finished product is
accounted for under the case of metal import (Eurostat 2016). As a result, this discrepancy of recording weight between domestic extraction and import/export leads to a
proposal on raw material equivalents (RME) (Muñoz et al. 2009).
Raw material equivalents are defined as the sum of all raw materials needed for
the production (Kovanda and Weinzettel 2013). DMI is reflected with direct material
flow referring the actual mass of product, while RME covers indirect material flow
indicating accumulative material requirements to manufacture a product (Schoer