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4 Navigations from Ground to Space
laser SINS-LTN-90 series, produced by the Litton, has become a necessary navigation system for American civil and government transport aircrafts. By the 1990s,
with the development of the Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology
represented by micro-machines, micro-sensors and micro-actuators, various microgyroscopes and accelerometers based on the silicon, which have the advantages
of small size, lightweight, easy installation, impact resistance, high reliability and
low cost, as well as easy mass production, are emerging constantly. So, with the
improvement of manufacture technology and product performance, the IMU based
on the MEMS will become the mainstream products in civil and tactical weapon
applications.
4.5 Radio Navigation System
The radio navigation system is a kind of system that uses radio signal to measure the
basic observables including the distances and its change rates, distance differences
and orientations between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and that estimates
the position and velocity of the movable object and safely guide its voyage. At the
beginning of the twentieth century, with the advent of radio beacons, the radio navigation technology started to be applied to the field of sea voyage and aviation. At
present, there are about 100 kinds of the radio navigation systems. According to
the different positions of signal transmitting antennas, they are classified into two
major categories, land-based radio navigation system and space-based radio navigation system. According to the differences of navigation ranges and task types, they
are divided into the landing navigation system within less than 100 km, short-range
navigation system within 100−500 km, medium range navigation system within
500−1000 km, long-range navigation system within 1000−3000 km and ultra-longrange navigation system with the distance of more than 3000 km. According to the
differences of navigation algorithms and basic observables, they are divided into
ranging and bearing navigation system, hyperbolic navigation and Doppler navigation system. The radio navigation system has the advantages of using time not
limited by climate conditions, simple equipment and high reliability, but the navigation signal is easy to be interfered, and the working range of the land-based navigation
system is limited by the coverage area of the ground stations. Generally, the radio
navigation accuracy is with the order of several kilometers, for the movable objects
on the surface of the Earth. The land-based radio navigation systems, including the
ranging and bearing navigation, hyperbolic navigation and Doppler navigation, are
introduced in this section, while the space-based radio navigation system, also known
as the navigation satellite system, will be discussed in the following section of this
chapter.
4 Navigations from Ground to Space
laser SINS-LTN-90 series, produced by the Litton, has become a necessary navigation system for American civil and government transport aircrafts. By the 1990s,
with the development of the Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology
represented by micro-machines, micro-sensors and micro-actuators, various microgyroscopes and accelerometers based on the silicon, which have the advantages
of small size, lightweight, easy installation, impact resistance, high reliability and
low cost, as well as easy mass production, are emerging constantly. So, with the
improvement of manufacture technology and product performance, the IMU based
on the MEMS will become the mainstream products in civil and tactical weapon
applications.
4.5 Radio Navigation System
The radio navigation system is a kind of system that uses radio signal to measure the
basic observables including the distances and its change rates, distance differences
and orientations between the transmitting and receiving antennas, and that estimates
the position and velocity of the movable object and safely guide its voyage. At the
beginning of the twentieth century, with the advent of radio beacons, the radio navigation technology started to be applied to the field of sea voyage and aviation. At
present, there are about 100 kinds of the radio navigation systems. According to
the different positions of signal transmitting antennas, they are classified into two
major categories, land-based radio navigation system and space-based radio navigation system. According to the differences of navigation ranges and task types, they
are divided into the landing navigation system within less than 100 km, short-range
navigation system within 100−500 km, medium range navigation system within
500−1000 km, long-range navigation system within 1000−3000 km and ultra-longrange navigation system with the distance of more than 3000 km. According to the
differences of navigation algorithms and basic observables, they are divided into
ranging and bearing navigation system, hyperbolic navigation and Doppler navigation system. The radio navigation system has the advantages of using time not
limited by climate conditions, simple equipment and high reliability, but the navigation signal is easy to be interfered, and the working range of the land-based navigation
system is limited by the coverage area of the ground stations. Generally, the radio
navigation accuracy is with the order of several kilometers, for the movable objects
on the surface of the Earth. The land-based radio navigation systems, including the
ranging and bearing navigation, hyperbolic navigation and Doppler navigation, are
introduced in this section, while the space-based radio navigation system, also known
as the navigation satellite system, will be discussed in the following section of this
chapter.