204
4 Navigations from Ground to Space
of “Versailles of the Sea” and “King of Lighthouses”. In addition, there are many
famous lighthouses, such as the Maiden’s Tower located at the southern entrance of
Bosphorus strait 200 m from the coast of Uskudar in Istanbul, Turkey; the Lighthouse
at the harbor of Floroe on the west coast of Norway; the Louisburg Lighthouse at
Cape Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada; the Lighthouse in the
city of Karlskrona along the Baltic Sea of Sweden; the Ontonagon Lighthouse in
Michigan of the United States; and so on. These lighthouses carry the history and
culture of the development of marine civilization in the Western world [4].
The pagodas and watchtowers built along the coast in ancient China have always
been regarded as “man-made beacons” to guide the voyages of ships on the sea. The
Light Tower of Huaisheng Temple in the city of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
built in the reign of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (627–649 A.D.), stands on the Bank
of the Pearl River. At night, the lanterns hung to the light tower are lighted up to
guide ships into the city of Guangzhou. The Chongwu Lighthouse located in Hui’an
County, Fujian Province, which is the first light tower with navigation function in
China, was built in 1387. To safely guide ships into and out of the Yangtze River, a
Firework Tower made of mounds was built in 1412, on the beach at its estuary. In
1868, with the establishment of Shipping-Tax Unit by the Qing Dynasty customs, a
series of lighthouses began to be built from the Yangtze River Estuary to the North
and South in the coast of China. By 1927, there were 59 coastal lighthouses under
the jurisdiction of the Chinese customs, and another 6 offshore lighthouse boats.
In the 1980s, by using the advanced light-emitting devices, a number of lighthouses were newly built or rebuilt at important coastal locations in China, forming
a contemporary “lighthouse chain”. In 1997, 100 lighthouses of the world’s historical relics were named by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
(IALA), of which there are five lighthouses of China: Qingpu Tower in the City of
Shanghai, Twin Towers at Jiangxin Island in Wenzhou City of Zhejiang Province,
Huaniao Mountain Lighthouse in Shengsi County of Zhejiang Province, Laotie
Mountain Lighthouse in Dalian City of Liaoning Province and Lingao Lighthouse
in Lingao County of Hainan Province.
With the development of modern science and technology, the navigation has gradually become a specialized subject of studying the theories, methods and devices
for voyages, widely used in all kinds of movable objects, such as vehicle, ship,
aircraft, rocket, missile and spacecraft. According to the different information interaction and dependence between the navigation systems and the movable objects, the
modern navigation systems can be divided into two categories: autonomous navigation system and non-autonomous navigation system. The autonomous navigation
system refers to the system that the movable object does not interact any two-way
information with the surrounding environment, completely relies on the equipment it
carry to obtain the navigation information, and automatically accomplish the navigation task. On the contrary, the navigation system without the basic characteristics of
autonomous navigation is called non-autonomous navigation system. According to
the different development sequence and principle of navigation system, the modern
navigation systems are also divided into the celestial navigation system, inertial navigation system, radio navigation system and navigation satellite system, and will be
4 Navigations from Ground to Space
of “Versailles of the Sea” and “King of Lighthouses”. In addition, there are many
famous lighthouses, such as the Maiden’s Tower located at the southern entrance of
Bosphorus strait 200 m from the coast of Uskudar in Istanbul, Turkey; the Lighthouse
at the harbor of Floroe on the west coast of Norway; the Louisburg Lighthouse at
Cape Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada; the Lighthouse in the
city of Karlskrona along the Baltic Sea of Sweden; the Ontonagon Lighthouse in
Michigan of the United States; and so on. These lighthouses carry the history and
culture of the development of marine civilization in the Western world [4].
The pagodas and watchtowers built along the coast in ancient China have always
been regarded as “man-made beacons” to guide the voyages of ships on the sea. The
Light Tower of Huaisheng Temple in the city of Guangzhou, Guangdong, China,
built in the reign of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (627–649 A.D.), stands on the Bank
of the Pearl River. At night, the lanterns hung to the light tower are lighted up to
guide ships into the city of Guangzhou. The Chongwu Lighthouse located in Hui’an
County, Fujian Province, which is the first light tower with navigation function in
China, was built in 1387. To safely guide ships into and out of the Yangtze River, a
Firework Tower made of mounds was built in 1412, on the beach at its estuary. In
1868, with the establishment of Shipping-Tax Unit by the Qing Dynasty customs, a
series of lighthouses began to be built from the Yangtze River Estuary to the North
and South in the coast of China. By 1927, there were 59 coastal lighthouses under
the jurisdiction of the Chinese customs, and another 6 offshore lighthouse boats.
In the 1980s, by using the advanced light-emitting devices, a number of lighthouses were newly built or rebuilt at important coastal locations in China, forming
a contemporary “lighthouse chain”. In 1997, 100 lighthouses of the world’s historical relics were named by the International Association of Lighthouse Authorities
(IALA), of which there are five lighthouses of China: Qingpu Tower in the City of
Shanghai, Twin Towers at Jiangxin Island in Wenzhou City of Zhejiang Province,
Huaniao Mountain Lighthouse in Shengsi County of Zhejiang Province, Laotie
Mountain Lighthouse in Dalian City of Liaoning Province and Lingao Lighthouse
in Lingao County of Hainan Province.
With the development of modern science and technology, the navigation has gradually become a specialized subject of studying the theories, methods and devices
for voyages, widely used in all kinds of movable objects, such as vehicle, ship,
aircraft, rocket, missile and spacecraft. According to the different information interaction and dependence between the navigation systems and the movable objects, the
modern navigation systems can be divided into two categories: autonomous navigation system and non-autonomous navigation system. The autonomous navigation
system refers to the system that the movable object does not interact any two-way
information with the surrounding environment, completely relies on the equipment it
carry to obtain the navigation information, and automatically accomplish the navigation task. On the contrary, the navigation system without the basic characteristics of
autonomous navigation is called non-autonomous navigation system. According to
the different development sequence and principle of navigation system, the modern
navigation systems are also divided into the celestial navigation system, inertial navigation system, radio navigation system and navigation satellite system, and will be