xiv
Contents
4.8.3 Ground Deep Space Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.9 Autonomous Navigation Technology for Spacecrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4.9.1 Concepts of Autonomous Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4.9.2 Autonomous Navigation of GPS Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.9.3 Whole Rotation of Navigation Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
5 X-ray Pulsar-Based Navigation: Theories and Experiments . . . . . . . . 273
5.1 Principle of Pulsar Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
5.2 Progress on Pulsar Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
5.2.1 The Proposed Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
5.2.2 Relevant Development Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.3 Space-Time Reference Based on Newtonian Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.3.1 Description for Particle Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.3.2 Concepts and Classifications of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
5.3.3 International Terrestrial Reference System and Its
Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5.3.4 Defects on the Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
5.4 Space-Time Reference Based on General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
5.4.1 Concept of Riemann Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
5.4.2 Gravity and Space-Time Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
5.4.3 Physical Interpretation of Space-Time Measurement . . . . . . 314
5.4.4 Timescale of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.4.5 International Celestial Reference System and Its
Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
5.5 Theory of Pulsar Timing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
5.5.1 Expressions of Pulsar Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
5.5.2 Pulsar Timing Reference Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
5.5.3 Evaluation of Pulsar Timing Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
5.5.4 Stability of Comparing PT with ATI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
5.6 Methods of Large-Scale Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
5.6.1 Navigational Modes and Basic Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
5.6.2 Transformation of Photon Arriving Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
5.6.3 Methods of Getting Pulse Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
5.6.4 Integer Ambiguity of Pulse Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
5.6.5 Determination of Orbit and Time Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
5.6.6 Determination of Attitude Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
5.7 Design of Ground Test System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.7.1 The Analysis of Necessity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.7.2 The Composition and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
5.7.3 Design of Overall Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
5.7.4 Design of Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
5.7.5 Numerical Experiments and Their Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
5.8 The First Space Flight Test and Its Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
5.8.1 Mission Design of XPNAV-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Contents
4.8.3 Ground Deep Space Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
4.9 Autonomous Navigation Technology for Spacecrafts . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4.9.1 Concepts of Autonomous Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4.9.2 Autonomous Navigation of GPS Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.9.3 Whole Rotation of Navigation Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
5 X-ray Pulsar-Based Navigation: Theories and Experiments . . . . . . . . 273
5.1 Principle of Pulsar Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
5.2 Progress on Pulsar Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
5.2.1 The Proposed Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
5.2.2 Relevant Development Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.3 Space-Time Reference Based on Newtonian Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.3.1 Description for Particle Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.3.2 Concepts and Classifications of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
5.3.3 International Terrestrial Reference System and Its
Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
5.3.4 Defects on the Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
5.4 Space-Time Reference Based on General Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
5.4.1 Concept of Riemann Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
5.4.2 Gravity and Space-Time Bending . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
5.4.3 Physical Interpretation of Space-Time Measurement . . . . . . 314
5.4.4 Timescale of Relativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
5.4.5 International Celestial Reference System and Its
Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
5.5 Theory of Pulsar Timing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
5.5.1 Expressions of Pulsar Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
5.5.2 Pulsar Timing Reference Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
5.5.3 Evaluation of Pulsar Timing Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
5.5.4 Stability of Comparing PT with ATI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
5.6 Methods of Large-Scale Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
5.6.1 Navigational Modes and Basic Observables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
5.6.2 Transformation of Photon Arriving Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
5.6.3 Methods of Getting Pulse Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
5.6.4 Integer Ambiguity of Pulse Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
5.6.5 Determination of Orbit and Time Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
5.6.6 Determination of Attitude Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
5.7 Design of Ground Test System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.7.1 The Analysis of Necessity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
5.7.2 The Composition and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
5.7.3 Design of Overall Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
5.7.4 Design of Operating Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
5.7.5 Numerical Experiments and Their Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
5.8 The First Space Flight Test and Its Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
5.8.1 Mission Design of XPNAV-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381