6
INTRODUCTION
biology about how to build nanostructured devices. How, then, can a solid-state
physicist who is involved in building nanostructures but who does not know the
difference between an amino acid and a protein learn from biological systems? It is
this issue that motivated the writing of the present book. The book attempts to
present important selected topics in nanotechnology in various disciplines in such a
way that workers in one field can understand developments in other fields. In order
to accomplish this, it is necessary to include in each chapter some introductory
material. Thus, the chapter on the effect of nanostructuring on ferromagnetism
(Chapter 7) starts with a brief introduction to the theory and properties of ferromagnets. As we have mentioned above, the driving force behind nanotechnology is
the recognition that nanostructured materials can have chemistry and physics
different from those of bulk materials, and a major objective of this book is to
explain these differences and the reasons for them. In order to do that, one has to
understand the basic chemistry and physics of the bulk solid state. Thus, Chapter 2
provides an introduction to the theory of bulk solids. Chapter 3 is devoted to
describing the various experimental methods used to characterize nanostructures.
Many of the experimental methods described such as the scanning tunneling
microscope have been developed quite recently, as was mentioned above, and
without their existence, the field of nanotechnology would not have made the
progress it has. The remaining chapters deal with selected topics in nanotechnology.
The field of nanotechnology is simply too vast, too interdisciplinary, and too rapidly
changing to cover exhaustively. We have therefore selected a number of topics to
present. The criteria for selection of subjects is the maturity of the field, the degree of
understanding of the phenomena, and existing and potential applications. Thus most
of the chapters describe examples of existing applications and potential new ones.
The applications potential of nanostructured materials is certainly a cause of the
intense interest in the subject, and there are many applications already in the
commercial world. Giant magnetoresistivity of nanostructured materials has been
introduced into commercial use, and some examples are given in Chapter 7. The
effect of nanostructuring to increase the storage capacity of magnetic tape devices is
an active area of research, which we will examine in some detail in Chapter 7.
Another area of intense activity is the use of nanotechnology to make smaller
switches, which are the basic elements of computers. The potential use of carbon
nanotubes as the basic elements of computer switches is described in Chapter 5. In
Chapter 13 we discuss how nanosized molecular switching devices are subjects of
research activity. Another area of potential application is the role of nanostructuring
and its effect on the mechanical properties of materials. In Chapter 6 , we discuss
how consolidated materials made of nanosized grains can have significantly different
mechanical properties such as enhanced yield strength. Also discussed in most of the
chapters are methods of fabrication of the various nanostructure types under
discussion. Development of large-scale inexpensive methods of fabrication is a
major challenge for nanoscience if it is to have an impact on technology. As we
discuss in Chapter 5, single-walled carbon nanotubes have enormous application
potential ranging from gas sensors to switching elements in fast computers.
However, methods of manufacturing large quantities of the tubes will have to be
INTRODUCTION
biology about how to build nanostructured devices. How, then, can a solid-state
physicist who is involved in building nanostructures but who does not know the
difference between an amino acid and a protein learn from biological systems? It is
this issue that motivated the writing of the present book. The book attempts to
present important selected topics in nanotechnology in various disciplines in such a
way that workers in one field can understand developments in other fields. In order
to accomplish this, it is necessary to include in each chapter some introductory
material. Thus, the chapter on the effect of nanostructuring on ferromagnetism
(Chapter 7) starts with a brief introduction to the theory and properties of ferromagnets. As we have mentioned above, the driving force behind nanotechnology is
the recognition that nanostructured materials can have chemistry and physics
different from those of bulk materials, and a major objective of this book is to
explain these differences and the reasons for them. In order to do that, one has to
understand the basic chemistry and physics of the bulk solid state. Thus, Chapter 2
provides an introduction to the theory of bulk solids. Chapter 3 is devoted to
describing the various experimental methods used to characterize nanostructures.
Many of the experimental methods described such as the scanning tunneling
microscope have been developed quite recently, as was mentioned above, and
without their existence, the field of nanotechnology would not have made the
progress it has. The remaining chapters deal with selected topics in nanotechnology.
The field of nanotechnology is simply too vast, too interdisciplinary, and too rapidly
changing to cover exhaustively. We have therefore selected a number of topics to
present. The criteria for selection of subjects is the maturity of the field, the degree of
understanding of the phenomena, and existing and potential applications. Thus most
of the chapters describe examples of existing applications and potential new ones.
The applications potential of nanostructured materials is certainly a cause of the
intense interest in the subject, and there are many applications already in the
commercial world. Giant magnetoresistivity of nanostructured materials has been
introduced into commercial use, and some examples are given in Chapter 7. The
effect of nanostructuring to increase the storage capacity of magnetic tape devices is
an active area of research, which we will examine in some detail in Chapter 7.
Another area of intense activity is the use of nanotechnology to make smaller
switches, which are the basic elements of computers. The potential use of carbon
nanotubes as the basic elements of computer switches is described in Chapter 5. In
Chapter 13 we discuss how nanosized molecular switching devices are subjects of
research activity. Another area of potential application is the role of nanostructuring
and its effect on the mechanical properties of materials. In Chapter 6 , we discuss
how consolidated materials made of nanosized grains can have significantly different
mechanical properties such as enhanced yield strength. Also discussed in most of the
chapters are methods of fabrication of the various nanostructure types under
discussion. Development of large-scale inexpensive methods of fabrication is a
major challenge for nanoscience if it is to have an impact on technology. As we
discuss in Chapter 5, single-walled carbon nanotubes have enormous application
potential ranging from gas sensors to switching elements in fast computers.
However, methods of manufacturing large quantities of the tubes will have to be