E1FTOC 09/15/2010
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4 Probability and Statistics
118
4.1
Introduction
118
4.2
Statistical Measurement Theory
119
4.3
Describing the Behavior of a Population
125
4.4
Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets
129
4.5
Chi-Squared Distribution
135
4.6
Regression Analysis
139
4.7
Data Outlier Detection
147
4.8
Number of Measurements Required
148
4.9
Monte Carlo Simulations
150
4.10 Summary
152
References
152
Nomenclature
153
Problems
153
5 Uncertainty Analysis
161
5.1
Introduction
161
5.2
Measurement Errors
162
5.3
Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
164
5.4
Identifying Error Sources
168
5.5
Systematic and Random Errors
170
5.6
Uncertainty Analysis: Error Propagation
172
5.7
Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis
176
5.8
Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis
182
5.9
Correction for Correlated Errors
195
5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval
197
5.11 Summary
198
References
199
Nomenclature
199
Problems
200
6 Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements
209
6.1
Introduction
209
6.2
Analog Devices: Current Measurements
210
6.3
Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements
214
6.4
Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements
219
6.5
Loading Errors and Impedance Matching
226
6.6
Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers
230
6.7
Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits
234
6.8
Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters
239
6.9
Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires
250
6.10 Summary
252
References
253
Nomenclature
253
Problems
254
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